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battle of lexington and concord: The Battles of Lexington and Concord Isaac Kerry, 2022-08 For years, the relationship between Great Britain and the American colonists had been wearing thin. Colonists felt they were being treated unfairly. The British thought they were putting down a rebellion. On April 19, 1775, the two sides clashed at Lexington and Concord. The American Revolution was about to begin. Now readers can step back in time to learn about what led up to the battles, how the historic events unfolded, and the ways in which one shot changed America forever. |
battle of lexington and concord: A Single Blow Phillip S. Greenwalt, Robert Orrison, 2017-07-19 A concise history of the “shot heard round the world”—and the dramatic day that began America’s war for independence. Includes maps and photos. When shots were fired at Lexington and Concord on a spring day in 1775, few, if any, fully grasped the impact they would ultimately have on the world. This concise book offers not only a guide to the historical sites involved but a lively, readable history of the events, a culmination of years of unrest between those loyal to the British monarchy and those advocating for more autonomy and dreaming of independence from Great Britain. On the morning of April 19, Gen. Thomas Gage sent out a force of British soldiers under the command of Lt. Col. Francis Smith to confiscate, recapture, and destroy the military supplies gathered by the colonists and believed to be stored in the town of Concord. Due to the alacrity of men such as Dr. Joseph Warren, Paul Revere, and William Dawes, utilizing a network of signals and outriders, the countryside was well aware of the approaching British—setting the stage for the day’s events. From two historians, this is an outstanding introduction to a momentous battle, and the events that led up to it. |
battle of lexington and concord: Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World George C. Daughan, 2018-04-03 A wonderful addition to the literature on the American Revolution, full of enlightening facts and figures. —Kirkus Reviews, starred review George C. Daughan’s magnificently detailed account of the battle of Lexington and Concord challenges the prevailing narrative of the American War of Independence. It was, Daughan argues, based as much on economic concerns as political ones. When Massachusetts militiamen turned out in overwhelming numbers to fight the British, they believed they were fighting for their farms and livelihoods, as well as for liberty. In the eyes of many American colonists, Britain’s repressive measures were not simply an effort to reestablish political control of the colonies, but also a means to reduce the prosperous colonists to the serfdom Benjamin Franklin witnessed on his tour of Ireland and Scotland. Authoritative and thoroughly researched, Lexington and Concord is a “worthy resource for history buffs seeking a closer look at what drove the start of the American Revolution” (Booklist). |
battle of lexington and concord: The Battles of Lexington and Concord Stephen Whitwell, 2015-07-15 The Revolutionary War is a watershed moment in America’s struggle for freedom and liberty. Students will learn why the colonists felt that armed resistance was the only way to make themselves heard and trace the paths taken by the British and the Americans as they moved from Lexington to Concord. Engaging and accessible text is coupled with color photographs and primary source imagery to give students a full understanding of these historic battles. |
battle of lexington and concord: The Battles of Lexington and Concord Judith Peacock, 2002 Discusses the events that led the British and the colonists in America to clash in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Describes the actions of both the Patriots and the British on April 19, 1775, when the battles that began the American Revolution occurred. |
battle of lexington and concord: Battles of Lexington and Concord John Hamilton, 2014-01-01 April 19, 1775. Find out why this date will live in infamy in Battle of Lexington and Concord. Learn what led up the battle, including the Boston Tea Party, the Intolerable Acts, the Boston Massacre, the First Continental Congress, and the orders to disarm the colonists. Get to know key historical figures including Colonial leaders Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere, Captain John Parker, and Major John Buttrick and British leaders Major John Pitcairn, General Thomas Gage, and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith. Put yourself on the first battlefield of the American Revolutionary War as you learn about military strategy and resulting casualties. Learn what weapons were used, including muzzle-loading flintlock muskets, bayonets, cannons, rifles, pistols, and swords. Finally, discover the outcomes and aftermath of this pivotal conflict, including the Declaration of Independence, Americans rallying around the cause, and the Treaty of Paris, which finally ended the war in 1783. Black and white and color photographs, illuminating quotations, maps, charts, a glossary, an index, and book links round out this exciting and informative title. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Abdo & Daughters is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO. |
battle of lexington and concord: The Battle of Lexington and Concord Blackbirch, Lewis K. Parker, 2002 Describes the people and action of the Revolutionary War battles of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, in which the first blood was shed in the fight for United States independence. |
battle of lexington and concord: The Split History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Brenda Haugen, 2018-01-01 Every battle has two sides, and the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution is no different. Experience the event from perspecitve of the Americans, and then read the perspective of the British. A deeper understanding of the battle from both sides will give readers a clearer view of this historic event. |
battle of lexington and concord: Let It Begin Here! Dennis Brindell Fradin, 2021-10-12 Told in a step-by-step account of the 24 hours leading up to the battles that sparked the American revolution, this picture book is sure to both inform and entertain. On April 18th at 9:30 p.m. Paul Revere learned that the British Army was marching toward Lexington and Concord to arrest rebel leaders. At 5:20 the next morning, a shot rang out and the American Revolution had begun. In less than 24 hours a rebellious colony would be changed forever. |
battle of lexington and concord: Let It Begin Here! Dennis B. Fradin, 2005-04-01 Describes the events that led up to the historic battles that began the American Revolution and discusses the consequences for the leaders and soldiers who fought in them. |
battle of lexington and concord: Paul Revere's Ride Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1907 |
battle of lexington and concord: The Battle of April 19, 1775 Frank Warren Coburn, 1912 |
battle of lexington and concord: Lexington and Concord Arthur Bernon Tourtellot, 1963 Mr. Tourtellot's book is the best account we have of the day of Lexington and Concord. The actions of each individual who played a conspicuous part in the day's work are minutely traced but Mr. Tourtellot never loses the main thread of his narrative and the wealth of detail he has included gives substance and color to an exciting story.' - J.C. Miller, New York Herald Tribune Book Review |
battle of lexington and concord: History of the Battle of Lexington Elias Phinney, 1825 |
battle of lexington and concord: The Day the American Revolution Began William H. Hallahan, 2022-02-08 At 4 AM on April 19, 1775, several companies of light infantry from the British Army marched into Lexington, Massachusetts and confronted 77 colonists drawn up on the village green. British orders were to disarm the local rebels, but things went terribly wrong. By the end of the day, American colonists had routed the British and chased them back to the safety of Boston. Thus began the Revolution. In The Day the American Revolution Began, William H. Hallahan outlines, hour by hour, how this extraordinary day unfolded. Drawing on diaries, letters, and memoirs, Hallahan tells the unforgettable story of how twenty-four hours decided the fate of two nations. William H. Hallahan is the award-winning author of history books, mystery novels and occult fiction. His works include The Dead of Winter, The Ross Forgery and Misfire. He lives in New Jersey. “A fascinating story worthy of the attention of everyone wanting to learn more about the stirring early days of the American Revolution ... Highly recommended.” — James Kirby Martin, author of Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero |
battle of lexington and concord: The Battle of April 19 1775 Frank Warren Coburn, 2017-08-08 There have been many histories of the Battle of Lexington and of the Battle of Concord, some of them excellent to the extent of that part of the contest to which they were devoted. From time to time gifted orators have gone to the one town or to the other, and eloquently portrayed the heroic deeds of men within that town on the opening day of the American Revolution. No fault should be found with any of those, designed as a healthy stimulus to local pride, and to foster sentiments of national patriotism. But the student in American local history needs a more extensive view of the operations of that day. He needs to be better informed as to the various scenes of carnage that were waged along all of those nearly twenty miles of highway. |
battle of lexington and concord: The Shot Heard Round the World Nancy Whitelaw, 2001 Details the events which occurred in the five years leading up to the American Revolution and discusses how those events forever changed the relationship between the colonies and Britain. |
battle of lexington and concord: April Morning Howard Fast, 2011-12-13 Howard Fast’s bestselling coming-of-age novel about one boy’s introduction to the horrors of war amid the brutal first battle of the American Revolution On April 19, 1775, musket shots ring out over Lexington, Massachusetts. As the sun rises over the battlefield, fifteen-year-old Adam Cooper stands among the outmatched patriots, facing a line of British troops. Determined to defend his home and prove his worth to his disapproving father, Cooper is about to embark on the most significant day of his life. The Battle of Lexington and Concord will be the starting point of the American Revolution—and when Cooper becomes a man. Sweeping in scope and masterful in execution, April Morning is a classic of American literature and an unforgettable story of one community’s fateful struggle for freedom. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Howard Fast including rare photos from the author’s estate. |
battle of lexington and concord: BATTLE OF APRIL 19, 1775 FRANK WARREN. COBURN, 2018 |
battle of lexington and concord: The Day of Concord and Lexington, the Nineteenth of April, 1775 Allen French, 1925 |
battle of lexington and concord: The True Story of the Battle of Lexington and Concord Amelie von Zumbusch, 2008-07-15 From who fired the first shot to the Minutemens' heroic defense of freedom, this book explores the mythic tale of the first battle of the American Revolution. |
battle of lexington and concord: The Road to Concord John Leonard Bell, 2016 In the early spring of 1775, on a farm in Concord, Massachusetts, British army spies located four brass cannon belonging to Boston's colonial militia that had gone missing months before. British general Thomas Gage had been searching for them, both to stymie New England's growing rebellion and to erase the embarrassment of having let cannon disappear from armories under redcoat guard. Anxious to regain those weapons, he drew up plans for his troops to march nineteen miles into unfriendly territory. The Massachusetts Patriots, meanwhile, prepared to thwart the general's mission. There was one goal Gage and his enemies shared: for different reasons, they all wanted to keep the stolen cannon as secret as possible. Both sides succeeded well enough that the full story has never appeared until now. The Road to Concord: How Four Stolen Cannon Ignited the Revolutionary War by historian J. L. Bell reveals a new dimension to the start of America's War for Independence by tracing the spark of its first battle back to little-known events beginning in September 1774. Drawing on archives in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, the book creates a lively, original, and deeply documented picture of a society perched on the brink of war. |
battle of lexington and concord: The First American Revolution Ray Raphael, 2002 In an eye-opening look at the history of America's revolutionary struggle, the author of A People's History of the American Revolution describes how, in the years prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord, local people took the British authority to declare themselves free from colonial oppression. 10,000 first printing. |
battle of lexington and concord: American Spring Walter R. Borneman, 2014-05-06 A vibrant look at the American Revolution's first months, from the author of the bestseller The Admirals. When we reflect on our nation's history, the American Revolution can feel almost like a foregone conclusion. In reality, the first weeks and months of 1775 were very tenuous, and a fractured and ragtag group of colonial militias had to coalesce rapidly to have even the slimmest chance of toppling the mighty British Army. American Spring follows a fledgling nation from Paul Revere's little-known ride of December 1774 and the first shots fired on Lexington Green through the catastrophic Battle of Bunker Hill, culminating with a Virginian named George Washington taking command of colonial forces on July 3, 1775. Focusing on the colorful heroes John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Mercy Otis Warren, Benjamin Franklin, and Patrick Henry, and the ordinary Americans caught up in the revolution, Walter R. Borneman uses newly available sources and research to tell the story of how a decade of discontent erupted into an armed rebellion that forged our nation. |
battle of lexington and concord: Battle Digest: Lexington-Concord Christopher J. Petty, 2021-01-15 A concise summary of the fight that sparked the American Revolution, with key facts, maps, images, historical significance, and more. Tension between Britain and her North American colonies had been building for years. After numerous protests and acts of defiance, things took a serious turn after the December 1773 Boston Tea Party, when an irate King George III and Parliament took more drastic action to teach their rebellious citizens in Massachusetts a lesson. After they shut down Boston’s port, dissolved elected government, and placed the colony under military occupation, the dry tinder of Colonial resentment was ready to ignite. The spark came on the morning of April 19, 1775, as a British force moved west to destroy military supplies secretly stored in Concord. When the column came upon a small company of militia waiting on Lexington Green, the fateful “shot heard round the world” rang out—and the American Revolution had begun. Learn about this world-changing encounter in this summary that includes all the key aspects of the campaign and battle, including maps, images, and lessons learned. |
battle of lexington and concord: First Battles of the Revolution Edward Everett, 1890 This 19th-century volume introduces the first armed conflicts of the American Revolution. In company with the battles at Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill served to show the Colonial militia the nature of the professional British Army they faced. |
battle of lexington and concord: History of the Siege of Boston Richard Frothingham, 1873 |
battle of lexington and concord: The First 24 Hours of the American Revolution Jack Darrell Crowder, 2018-10-25 This story is a concise hour by hour account of what was happening during the first 24 hours of the American Revolution on the American and British sides. Numerous eyewitness accounts from both points of view are given on the day's events. Atrocities committed by both sides are exposed. The story of each town is told as they receive the news that, 'The Redcoats are coming!'--Back cover. |
battle of lexington and concord: The British Are Coming Rick Atkinson, 2019-05-14 Winner of the George Washington Prize Winner of the Barbara and David Zalaznick Book Prize in American History Winner of the Excellence in American History Book Award Winner of the Fraunces Tavern Museum Book Award From the bestselling author of the Liberation Trilogy comes the extraordinary first volume of his new trilogy about the American Revolution Rick Atkinson, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning An Army at Dawn and two other superb books about World War II, has long been admired for his deeply researched, stunningly vivid narrative histories. Now he turns his attention to a new war, and in the initial volume of the Revolution Trilogy he recounts the first twenty-one months of America’s violent war for independence. From the battles at Lexington and Concord in spring 1775 to those at Trenton and Princeton in winter 1777, American militiamen and then the ragged Continental Army take on the world’s most formidable fighting force. It is a gripping saga alive with astonishing characters: Henry Knox, the former bookseller with an uncanny understanding of artillery; Nathanael Greene, the blue-eyed bumpkin who becomes a brilliant battle captain; Benjamin Franklin, the self-made man who proves to be the wiliest of diplomats; George Washington, the commander in chief who learns the difficult art of leadership when the war seems all but lost. The story is also told from the British perspective, making the mortal conflict between the redcoats and the rebels all the more compelling. Full of riveting details and untold stories, The British Are Coming is a tale of heroes and knaves, of sacrifice and blunder, of redemption and profound suffering. Rick Atkinson has given stirring new life to the first act of our country’s creation drama. |
battle of lexington and concord: The Minutemen and Their World Robert A. Gross, 2011-04-01 The Bancroft Prize–winning classic of American history now in a revised and expanded edition with a new preface and afterword by the author. On April 19, 1775, the American Revolution began at the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts. The “shot heard round the world” catapulted this sleepy New England town into the height of revolutionary fervor, and Concord went on to become the intellectual capital of the new republic. The town—future home to Emerson, Thoreau, and Hawthorne—soon came to symbolize devotion to liberty, intellectual freedom, and the stubborn integrity of rural life. In The Minutemen and Their World, Robert A. Gross has written a remarkably subtle and detailed reconstruction of the lives and community of this special place, and a compelling interpretation of the American Revolution as a social movement. |
battle of lexington and concord: History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill Richard Frothingham, 1903 |
battle of lexington and concord: A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution Theodore P. Savas, J. David Dameron, 2006-08-19 “A well-organized and concise introduction to the war’s major battles” (The Journal of America’s Military Past). Winner of the Gold Star Book Award for History from the Military Writers Society of America This is the first comprehensive account of every engagement of the Revolution, a war that began with a brief skirmish at Lexington Green on April 19, 1775, and concluded on the battlefield at the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781. In between were six long years of bitter fighting on land and at sea. The wide variety of combats blanketed the North American continent from Canada to the Southern colonies, from the winding coastal lowlands to the Appalachian Mountains, and from the North Atlantic to the Caribbean. Every entry begins with introductory details including the date of the battle, its location, commanders, opposing forces, terrain, weather, and time of day. The detailed body of each entry offers both a Colonial and a British perspective of the unfolding military situation, a detailed and unbiased account of what actually transpired, a discussion of numbers and losses, an assessment of the consequences of the battle, and suggestions for further reading. Many of the entries are supported and enriched by original maps and photos. |
battle of lexington and concord: Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775 Dale Anderson, 2004 See how military conflicts influence history in unexpected and surprising ways. |
battle of lexington and concord: In the Words of Women Louise V. North, Janet M. Wedge, Landa M. Freeman, 2024-04-12 In the Words of Women brings together the writings-letters, diaries, journals, pamphlets, poems, plays, depositions, and newspaper articles-of women who lived between 1765 and 1799. The writings are organized chronologically around events, battles, and developments from before the Revolution, through its prosecution and aftermath. They reflect the thoughts, observations and experiences of women during those tumultuous times, women less well known to the reading public, including patriots and loyalists; the highborn and lowly; Native Americans and blacks, both free and enslaved; the involved and observers; the young and old; and those in between. Brief narrative passages provide historical context, and information about the women as they are introduced enable readers to appreciate their relevance and significance. In the Words of Women also focuses on topics such as health, everyday life, and travel. The selections not only document existing attitudes, practices, and customs but also changes wrought by the war and independence. This book allows the voices of these women to be heard and readers to make their own inferences and judgments based on women speaking for themselves. For more information on this topic, please visit the author's website at www.inthewordsofwomen.com. |
battle of lexington and concord: Concord Fight, April 19, 1775 Grindall Reynolds, 1875 |
battle of lexington and concord: The Battle of April 19, 1775 Frank Warren Coburn, 2019 ‘The Battle of April 19, 1775’ obviously deals with the fights in Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville and Charlestown, Massachusetts. The book contains one of the most comprehensive accounts of the battle ever printed. The narrative is based on official reports, sworn statements, diaries, letters, accounts given by participants and witnesses, and every other available source. |
battle of lexington and concord: A Bloodless Victory Joseph Frederick Stoltz (III), 2017-12-15 Introduction: a correct remembrance of great events--By the eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil: the New Orleans Campaign -- Half a horse and half an alligator: the Battle of New Orleans in the Era of Good Feelings -- Under the command of a plain Republican--an American Cincinnatus: the Battle of New Orleans in the Age of Jefferson -- The union must and shall be preserved: the Battle of New Orleans and the American Civil War -- True daughters of the war: the Battle of New Orleans at 100 -- Not pirate ... privateer: the Battle of New Orleans and mid-20th century popular culture -- Tourism whetted by the celebration: the Battle of New Orleans in the 20th century -- A rustic and factual appearance: the Battle of New Orleans at 200 -- Closing: what is past is prologue |
battle of lexington and concord: Revolutionary Boston, Lexington and Concord Joseph Lyon Andrews, 2002 The only complete visitors' guide to the Revolutionary history and sites of Boston, Bunker Hill, the Freedom Trail, and the Battle Road, including Cambridge, Arlington, Lexington, Bedford, Concord, Lincoln, Acton, and Sudbury. |
battle of lexington and concord: Eyewitness Images from the American Revolution Arthur S. Lefkowitz, 2017 Most images depicting the American Revolution are historically inaccurate nineteenth- and twentieth-century recreations. Historian Arthur S. Lefkowitz is working to change this. Lefkowitz gathered images from artists who were on-site for these pivotal moments in our nation's history. His research in museums and private collections in the United States, Canada, and England spanned years and brought together both professional and amateur artist renditions, including those from British soldiers. With over 60 examples of eyewitness artwork, Lefkowitz draws readers into our nation's fight for independence, appealing to those interested in American history and art history alike. Historically accurate illustrations and maps Printed in vibrant, full color Features art from collections around the world Written by an esteemed historian Military historian and author Arthur S. Lefkowitz has dedicated his research to the most important event in United States history: the Revolutionary War. His expertise in the field has given him the opportunity to lecture for various organizations, including the New Jersey Council for the Humanities and the Washington Association of New Jersey, for whom he was a keynote speaker. Lefkowitz's scholarly expertise has even been showcased in several appearances on New Jersey Public Television. |
battle of lexington and concord: A History of the Fight at Concord Ezra Ripley, 1832 |
Battles of Lexington and Concord - Wikipedia
The Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775 were the first major military actions of the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and Patriot militias from …
Battles of Lexington and Concord - Winner, Date, Summary - HISTORY
Dec 2, 2009 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought between colonial militiamen and British Redcoats on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War.
Lexington and Concord Battle Facts and Summary - American …
The British marched into Lexington and Concord intending to suppress the possibility of rebellion by seizing weapons from the colonists. Instead, their actions sparked the first battle of the …
Battles of Lexington and Concord - Encyclopedia Britannica
May 31, 2025 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775) were the initial skirmishes between British regulars and American provincials, marking the beginning of the American …
Battles of Lexington and Concord - World History Encyclopedia
Dec 14, 2023 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord (19 April 1775) constituted the first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War, between British regular troops and …
The Battles of Lexington and Concord - American History Central
Aug 26, 2024 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord were fought between Massachusetts Militia and British forces on April 19, 1775. The battles followed the Midnight Rides and the Lexington …
THE FIRST BATTLES: LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, 19 April 1775
The U.S. Postal Service issued this commemorative stamp in 1925 to mark the sesquicentennial of the Battles of Lexington and Concord. (U.S. Postal Service) Four of the eight British officers, …
The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775
At dawn the British reached the town of Lexington, just east of Concord, where they found seventy American militiamen waiting for them on the village green. Warned of the British troops’ …
Battles of Lexington and Concord | National Archives Museum
More than a year before Americans declared their independence, the Revolutionary War erupted with the “shot heard round the world” at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Convinced that …
The Battles of Lexington and Concord: The shot heard round the …
May 1, 2025 · On the night of April 18th, British General Gage assembled soldiers to make the 18 mile march to Concord where their orders were to seize and destroy the colonists’ stockpile.
Battles of Lexington and Concord - Wikipedia
The Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775 were the first major military actions of the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and Patriot militias from …
Battles of Lexington and Concord - Winner, Date, Summary - HISTORY
Dec 2, 2009 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought between colonial militiamen and British Redcoats on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War.
Lexington and Concord Battle Facts and Summary - American …
The British marched into Lexington and Concord intending to suppress the possibility of rebellion by seizing weapons from the colonists. Instead, their actions sparked the first battle of the …
Battles of Lexington and Concord - Encyclopedia Britannica
May 31, 2025 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775) were the initial skirmishes between British regulars and American provincials, marking the beginning of the American …
Battles of Lexington and Concord - World History Encyclopedia
Dec 14, 2023 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord (19 April 1775) constituted the first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War, between British regular troops and …
The Battles of Lexington and Concord - American History Central
Aug 26, 2024 · The Battles of Lexington and Concord were fought between Massachusetts Militia and British forces on April 19, 1775. The battles followed the Midnight Rides and the Lexington …
THE FIRST BATTLES: LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, 19 April 1775
The U.S. Postal Service issued this commemorative stamp in 1925 to mark the sesquicentennial of the Battles of Lexington and Concord. (U.S. Postal Service) Four of the eight British officers, …
The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775
At dawn the British reached the town of Lexington, just east of Concord, where they found seventy American militiamen waiting for them on the village green. Warned of the British troops’ …
Battles of Lexington and Concord | National Archives Museum
More than a year before Americans declared their independence, the Revolutionary War erupted with the “shot heard round the world” at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Convinced that …
The Battles of Lexington and Concord: The shot heard round the …
May 1, 2025 · On the night of April 18th, British General Gage assembled soldiers to make the 18 mile march to Concord where their orders were to seize and destroy the colonists’ stockpile.