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| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Michael Burgan, 2000-09 Recounts the events leading up to the Trail of Tears, a forced removal of the Cherokees from the southeastern region of the United States to Oklahoma in 1838. |
| the trail of tears book: Trail of Tears John Ehle, 2011-06-08 A sixth-generation North Carolinian, highly-acclaimed author John Ehle grew up on former Cherokee hunting grounds. His experience as an accomplished novelist, combined with his extensive, meticulous research, culminates in this moving tragedy rich with historical detail. The Cherokee are a proud, ancient civilization. For hundreds of years they believed themselves to be the Principle People residing at the center of the earth. But by the 18th century, some of their leaders believed it was necessary to adapt to European ways in order to survive. Those chiefs sealed the fate of their tribes in 1875 when they signed a treaty relinquishing their land east of the Mississippi in return for promises of wealth and better land. The U.S. government used the treaty to justify the eviction of the Cherokee nation in an exodus that the Cherokee will forever remember as the “trail where they cried.” The heroism and nobility of the Cherokee shine through this intricate story of American politics, ambition, and greed. B & W photographs |
| the trail of tears book: Mary and the Trail of Tears Andrea L. Rogers, 2020 It is June first and twelve-year-old Mary does not really understand what is happening: she does not understand the hatred and greed of the white men who are forcing her Cherokee family out of their home in New Echota, Georgia, capital of the Cherokee Nation, and trying to steal what few things they are allowed to take with them, she does not understand why a soldier killed her grandfather--and she certainly does not understand how she, her sister, and her mother, are going to survive the 1000 mile trip to the lands west of the Mississippi. |
| the trail of tears book: The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears Theda Perdue, Michael D. Green, 2007-07-05 Today, a fraction of the Cherokee people remains in their traditional homeland in the southern Appalachians. Most Cherokees were forcibly relocated to eastern Oklahoma in the early nineteenth century. In 1830 the U.S. government shifted its policy from one of trying to assimilate American Indians to one of relocating them and proceeded to drive seventeen thousand Cherokee people west of the Mississippi. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears recounts this moment in American history and considers its impact on the Cherokee, on U.S.-Indian relations, and on contemporary society. Guggenheim Fellowship-winning historian Theda Perdue and coauthor Michael D. Green explain the various and sometimes competing interests that resulted in the Cherokee?s expulsion, follow the exiles along the Trail of Tears, and chronicle their difficult years in the West after removal. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Sabrina Crewe, D. L. Birchfield, 2004 The Trail of Tears is the name given to a tragic journey made in the 1830s by sixty thousand Native Americans from the southeastern part of the United States. This book tells the story of their exile by the U.S. government, an action that led to the loss of their homes and the death of fifteen thousand people. It explores the background to Indian removal, including the coming of Europeans to North America and the founding of a new nation hungry for land. The book also shows how, in spite of brave efforts to rebuild their nations, the removed Indians had their land taken from them yet again. Book jacket. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Joseph Bruchac, 2013-09-25 In 1838, settlers moving west forced the great Cherokee Nation, and their chief John Ross, to leave their home land and travel 1,200 miles to Oklahoma. An epic story of friendship, war, hope, and betrayal. |
| the trail of tears book: Trail of Tears John Ehle, 1997-09-22 A sixth-generation North Carolinian, highly-acclaimed author John Ehle grew up on former Cherokee hunting grounds. His experience as an accomplished novelist, combined with his extensive, meticulous research, culminates in this moving tragedy rich with historical detail. The Cherokee are a proud, ancient civilization. For hundreds of years they believed themselves to be the Principle People residing at the center of the earth. But by the 18th century, some of their leaders believed it was necessary to adapt to European ways in order to survive. Those chiefs sealed the fate of their tribes in 1875 when they signed a treaty relinquishing their land east of the Mississippi in return for promises of wealth and better land. The U.S. government used the treaty to justify the eviction of the Cherokee nation in an exodus that the Cherokee will forever remember as the “trail where they cried.” The heroism and nobility of the Cherokee shine through this intricate story of American politics, ambition, and greed. B & W photographs |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Gloria Jahoda, 1995 Insightful, rarely told history of Indian courage in the face of White expansionism in the 19th century. Truth-telling tale of the ruthless brutality that forced the Native American population into resettlement camps and reservations, with a look at the few white Americans who fought to help them. |
| the trail of tears book: After the Trail of Tears William G. McLoughlin, 2014-07-01 This powerful narrative traces the social, cultural, and political history of the Cherokee Nation during the forty-year period after its members were forcibly removed from the southern Appalachians and resettled in what is now Oklahoma. In this master work, completed just before his death, William McLoughlin not only explains how the Cherokees rebuilt their lives and society, but also recounts their fight to govern themselves as a separate nation within the borders of the United States. Long regarded by whites as one of the 'civilized' tribes, the Cherokees had their own constitution (modeled after that of the United States), elected officials, and legal system. Once re-settled, they attempted to reestablish these institutions and continued their long struggle for self-government under their own laws--an idea that met with bitter opposition from frontier politicians, settlers, ranchers, and business leaders. After an extremely divisive fight within their own nation during the Civil War, Cherokees faced internal political conflicts as well as the destructive impact of an influx of new settlers and the expansion of the railroad. McLoughlin brings the story up to 1880, when the nation's fight for the right to govern itself ended in defeat at the hands of Congress. |
| the trail of tears book: The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears Theda Perdue, Michael D. Green, 2007 Documents the 1830s policy shift of the U.S. government through which it discontinued efforts to assimilate Native Americans in favor of forcibly relocating them west of the Mississippi, in an account that traces the decision's specific effect on the Cherokee Nation, U.S.-Indian relations, and contemporary society. |
| the trail of tears book: The New Trail of Tears Naomi Schaefer Riley, 2021-11-30 If you want to know why American Indians have the highest rates of poverty of any racial group, why suicide is the leading cause of death among Indian men, why native women are two and a half times more likely to be raped than the national average and why gang violence affects American Indian youth more than any other group, do not look to history. There is no doubt that white settlers devastated Indian communities in the 19th, and early 20th centuries. But it is our policies today—denying Indians ownership of their land, refusing them access to the free market and failing to provide the police and legal protections due to them as American citizens—that have turned reservations into small third-world countries in the middle of the richest and freest nation on earth. The tragedy of our Indian policies demands reexamination immediately—not only because they make the lives of millions of American citizens harder and more dangerous—but also because they represent a microcosm of everything that has gone wrong with modern liberalism. They are the result of decades of politicians and bureaucrats showering a victimized people with money and cultural sensitivity instead of what they truly need—the education, the legal protections and the autonomy to improve their own situation. If we are really ready to have a conversation about American Indians, it is time to stop bickering about the names of football teams and institute real reforms that will bring to an end this ongoing national shame. |
| the trail of tears book: The Cherokee Removal Theda Perdue, Michael D. Green, 1995 The Cherokee Removal of 1838-1839 unfolded against a complex backdrop of competing ideologies, self-interest, party politics, altruism, and ambition. Using documents that convey Cherokee voices, government policy, and white citizens' views, Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green present a multifaceted account of this complicated moment in American history. The second edition of this successful, class-tested volume contains four new sources, including the Cherokee Constitution of 1827 and a modern Cherokee's perspective on the removal. The introduction provides students with succinct historical background. Document headnotes contextualize the selections and draw attention to historical methodology. To aid students' investigation of this compelling topic, suggestions for further reading, photographs, and a chronology of the Cherokee removal are also included. |
| the trail of tears book: Riding the Trail of Tears Blake M. Hausman, 2011-03-01 Sherman Alexie meets William Gibson. Louise Erdrich meets Franz Kafka. Leslie Marmon Silko meets Philip K. Dick. However you might want to put it, this is Native American fiction in a whole new world. A surrealistic revisiting of the Cherokee Removal, Riding the Trail of Tears takes us to north Georgia in the near future, into a virtual-reality tourist compound where customers ride the Trail of Tears, and into the world of Tallulah Wilson, a Cherokee woman who works there. When several tourists lose consciousness inside the ride, employees and customers at the compound come to believe, naturally, that a terrorist attack is imminent. Little does Tallulah know that Cherokee Little People have taken up residence in the virtual world and fully intend to change the ride’s programming to suit their own point of view. Told by a narrator who knows all but can hardly be trusted, in a story reflecting generations of experience while recalling the events in a single day of Tallulah’s life, this funny and poignant tale revises American history even as it offers a new way of thinking, both virtual and very real, about the past for both Native Americans and their Anglo counterparts. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Across Missouri Joan Gilbert, Joan Sewell Gilbert, 1996 An account of the 1837-1838 removal of the Cherokees from the southeastern United States to Indian Territory, with an overview of the life of the Cherokees and events leading up to their exile, and discussion of the hardships of the forced march that led to the death of approximately 4,000 tribe members. |
| the trail of tears book: Soft Rain Cornelia Cornelissen, 2009-09-02 It all begins when Soft Rain's teacher reads a letter stating that as of May 23, 1838, all Cherokee people are to leave their land and move to what many Cherokees called the land of darkness. . .the west. Soft Rain is confident that her family will not have to move, because they have just planted corn for the next harvest but soon thereafter, soldiers arrive to take nine-year-old, Soft Rain, and her mother to walk the Trail of Tears, leaving the rest of her family behind. Because Soft Rain knows some of the white man's language, she soon learns that they must travel across rivers, valleys, and mountains. On the journey, she is forced to eat the white man's food and sees many of her people die. Her courage and hope are restored when she is reunited with her father, a leader on the Trail, chosen to bring her people safely to their new land. Praise for Soft Rain: An eye-opening introduction to this painful period of American history.--Publisher's Weekly The characters themselves transform a sorrowful story of adversity into a tale of human resilience.--Kirkus Reviews This gentle child's-eye view will move readers enormously.--Jane Yolen |
| the trail of tears book: The Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears Susan E. Hamen, 2019-08-01 The Indian Removal Act promised Native Americans money and supplies to move west to an area called Indian Territory. The government said the Native Americans could live there forever. That promise was broken in the late 1800s. Find out more in The Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears, a title in the Building Our Nation series. Building Our Nation is a series of AV2 media enhanced books. A unique book code printed on page 2 unlocks multimedia content. These books come alive with video, audio, weblinks, slideshows, activities, hands-on experiments, and much more. |
| the trail of tears book: Mountain Windsong Robert J. Conley, 2014-12-11 Set against the tragic events of the Cherokees' removal from their traditional lands in North Carolina to Indian Territory between 1835-1838, Mountain Windsong is a love story that brings to life the suffering and endurance of the Cherokee people. It is the moving tale of Waguli (Whippoorwill) and Oconeechee, a young Cherokee man and woman separated by the Trail of Tears. Just as they are about to be married, Waguli is captured be federal soldiers and, along with thousands of other Cherokees, taken west, on foot and then by steamboat, to what is now eastern Oklahoma. Though many die along the way, Waguli survives, drowning his shame and sorrow in alcohol. Oconeechee, among the few Cherokees who remain behind, hidden in the mountains, embarks on a courageous search for Waguli. Robert J. Conley makes use of song, legend, and historical documents to weave the rich texture of the story, which is told through several, sometimes contradictory, voices. The traditional narrative of the Trail of Tears is told to a young contemporary Cherokee boy by his grandfather, presented in bits and pieces as they go about their everyday chores in rural North Carolina. The telling is neiter bitter nor hostile; it is sympathetic by unsentimental. An ironic third point of view, detached and often adversarial, is provided by the historical documents interspersed through the novel, from the text of the removal treaty to Ralph Waldo Emerson's letter to the president of the United States in protest of the removal. In this layering of contradictory elements, Conley implies questions about the relationships between history and legend, storytelling and myth-making. Inspired by the lyrics of Don Grooms's song Whippoorwill, which open many chapters in the text, Conley has written a novel both meticulously accurate and deeply moving. |
| the trail of tears book: Life on the Trail of Tears Laura Fischer, 2003 Reveals the lives of the Cherokee people who were forced to travel to an Oklahoma reservation in the winter of 1838, discussing their lives before leaving their homes as well as the hardships faced on the trail. |
| the trail of tears book: Forced Removal Heather E. Schwartz, 2015 Explains the Trail of Tears, including its chronology, causes, and lasting effects-- |
| the trail of tears book: The Cherokee Trail of Tears David Fitzgerald, Duane H. King, 2008 King's insightful and informative text discusses the six major routes of the Trail of Tears and the 17 Cherokee detachments that were pushed westward into Oklahoma. Fitzgerald's touching and memorable photos show all the major landmarks of the trail in nine states, as they appear today. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal Amy H. Sturgis, 2006-11-30 In 1838, the U.S. Government began to forcibly relocate thousands of Cherokees from their homelands in Georgia to the Western territories. The event the Cherokees called The Trail Where They Cried meant their own loss of life, sovereignty, and property. Moreover, it allowed visions of Manifest Destiny to contradict the government's previous civilization campaign policy toward American Indians. The tortuous journey West was one of the final blows causing a division within the Cherokee nation itself, over civilization and identity, tradition and progress, east and west. The Trail of Tears also introduced an era of Indian removal that reshaped the face of Native America geographically, politically, economically, and socially. Engaging thematic chapters explore the events surrounding the Trail of Tears and the era of Indian removal, including the invention of the Cherokee alphabet, the conflict between the preservation of Cherokee culture and the call to assimilate, Andrew Jackson's imperial presidency, and the negotiation of legislation and land treaties. Biographies of key figures, an annotated bibliography, and an extensive selection of primary documents round out the work. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Dennis B. Fradin, 2008 Covers the Trail of Tears as a watershed event in U.S. history, influencing social, economic, and political policies that shaped the nation's future--Provided by publisher. |
| the trail of tears book: Driven West A. J. Langguth, 2010-11-09 By the acclaimed author of the classic Patriots and Union 1812, this major work of narrative history portrays four of the most turbulent decades in the growth of the American nation. After the War of 1812, President Andrew Jackson and his successors led the country to its manifest destiny across the continent. But that expansion unleashed new regional hostilities that led inexorably to Civil War. The earliest victims were the Cherokees and other tribes of the southeast who had lived and prospered for centuries on land that became Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia. Jackson, who had first gained fame as an Indian fighter, decreed that the Cherokees be forcibly removed from their rich cotton fields to make way for an exploding white population. His policy set off angry debates in Congress and protests from such celebrated Northern writers as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Southern slave owners saw that defense of the Cherokees as linked to a growing abolitionist movement. They understood that the protests would not end with protecting a few Indian tribes. Langguth tells the dramatic story of the desperate fate of the Cherokees as they were driven out of Georgia at bayonet point by U.S. Army forces led by General Winfield Scott. At the center of the story are the American statesmen of the day—Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun—and those Cherokee leaders who tried to save their people—Major Ridge, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, and John Ross. Driven West presents wrenching firsthand accounts of the forced march across the Mississippi along a path of misery and death that the Cherokees called the Trail of Tears. Survivors reached the distant Oklahoma territory that Jackson had marked out for them, only to find that the bloodiest days of their ordeal still awaited them. In time, the fierce national collision set off by Jackson’s Indian policy would encompass the Mexican War, the bloody frontier wars over the expansion of slavery, the doctrines of nullification and secession, and, finally, the Civil War itself. In his masterly narrative of this saga, Langguth captures the idealism and betrayals of headstrong leaders as they steered a raw and vibrant nation in the rush to its destiny. |
| the trail of tears book: Trail of Tears Amy C. Rea, 2016-08-15 In the early 1800s, the US government forced Native Americans in the Southeast United States out of their homes and off of land they had occupied for thousands of years. The Trail of Tearstakes a look at the shocking and tragic story of how Native Americans were affected by settlement in the United States. Easy-to-read text, vivid images, and helpful back matter give readers a clear look at this subject. Features include a table of contents, maps, a glossary, additional resources, and an index. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Core Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO. |
| the trail of tears book: A Timeline History of the Trail of Tears Alison Behnke, 2015-08-01 In the early nineteenth century, the United States was growing quickly, and many people wanted to set up homes and farms in new areas. For centuries, American Indian nations—including the Cherokee—had been living on the land that white settlers wanted. The US government often stepped in to resolve conflicts between the groups with treaties. Many of these treaties called upon American Indians to give up some of their territory. The conflicts continued as more and more white settlers moved onto American Indian land. Finally, the US government passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This law ordered many American Indians to leave their homes. In 1838 military officials forced the Cherokee on a dangerous and heartbreaking journey from their homeland in the southeast region of the United States to territory 800 miles away in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey became known as the Trail of Tears. Learn about the Cherokee Nation's forced removal from their ancestral homeland. Track the events and turning points that led to this dark and tragic time period in US history. |
| the trail of tears book: Toward the Setting Sun Brian Hicks, 2011-01-04 “Richly detailed and well-researched,” this story of one Native American chief’s resistance to American expansionism “unfolds like a political thriller” (Publishers Weekly). Toward the Setting Sun chronicles one of the most significant but least explored periods in American history—the nineteenth century forced removal of Native Americans from their lands—through the story of Chief John Ross, who came to be known as the Cherokee Moses. Son of a Scottish trader and a quarter-Cherokee woman, Ross was educated in white schools and was only one-eighth Indian by blood. But as Cherokee chief in the mid-nineteenth century, he would guide the tribe through its most turbulent period. The Cherokees’ plight lay at the epicenter of nearly all the key issues facing America at the time: western expansion, states’ rights, judicial power, and racial discrimination. Clashes between Ross and President Andrew Jackson raged from battlefields and meeting houses to the White House and Supreme Court. As whites settled illegally on the Nation’s land, the chief steadfastly refused to sign a removal treaty. But when a group of renegade Cherokees betrayed their chief and negotiated their own agreement, Ross was forced to lead his people west. In one of America’s great tragedies, thousands died during the Cherokees’ migration on the Trail of Tears. “Powerful and engaging . . . By focusing on the Ross family, Hicks brings narrative energy and original insight to a grim and important chapter of American life.” —Jon Meacham |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Kristen Rajczak Nelson, 2017-07-15 The Trail of Tears is the name used to describe the forced migration of the Cherokee people in the 1830s from their homelands in the southeastern United States to land in what’s now Oklahoma. This devastating journey took the lives of thousands of Native Americans, and it’s one of the most shameful chapters in American history. Detailed main text—supported by enlightening sidebars and primary sources—gives readers a clear picture of the reasons the Cherokee people were forced from their homes and what happened to them on the difficult journey west. |
| the trail of tears book: Becoming Indian Circe Sturm, 2011 ... Racial shifter ... are people who have changed their racial self-identification from non-Indian to Indian on the U.S. census. Many racial shifters are people who, while looking for their roots, have recently discovered their Native American ancestry ... |
| the trail of tears book: Trail of Tears Lynn Peppas, 2013-09-15 The forced removal of the Cherokee from their land changed not only the lives of the Native people, but also, the course of American history. This gripping title examines the events leading up to the removal of the Cherokee from their native lands, the suffering endured on the Trail of Tears, and the struggles they faced once reaching their new land in present-day Oklahoma. The book also includes information about the Cherokee nation today. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears (Cornerstones of Freedom: Third Series) Peter Benoit, 2012 The story of the forced re-location of five southeastern U.S. Indian nations in the 19th century. |
| the trail of tears book: Trail of Tears Elliott West, 2000 Following several routes, thousands of American Indians were forced from their homelands in the Southeast. On their tortuous trek west many died. These routes, lined with graves, mark the tragedy now known today as The Trail of Tears, commemorated as a National Historic Trail. |
| the trail of tears book: The Other Trail of Tears Mary Stockwell, 2016-03-18 The Story of the Longest and Largest Forced Migration of Native Americans in American History The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was the culmination of the United States' policy to force native populations to relocate west of the Mississippi River. The most well-known episode in the eviction of American Indians in the East was the notorious Trail of Tears along which Southeastern Indians were driven from their homes in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to reservations in present-day Oklahoma. But the struggle in the South was part of a wider story that reaches back in time to the closing months of the War of 1812, back through many states--most notably Ohio--and into the lives of so many tribes, including the Delaware, Seneca, Shawnee, Ottawa, and Wyandot (Huron). They, too, were forced to depart from their homes in the Ohio Country to Kansas and Oklahoma. The Other Trail of Tears: The Removal of the Ohio Indians by award-winning historian Mary Stockwell tells the story of this region's historic tribes as they struggled following the death of Tecumseh and the unraveling of his tribal confederacy in 1813. At the peace negotiations in Ghent in 1814, Great Britain was unable to secure a permanent homeland for the tribes in Ohio setting the stage for further treaties with the United States and encroachment by settlers. Over the course of three decades the Ohio Indians were forced to move to the West, with the Wyandot people ceding their last remaining lands in Ohio to the U.S. Government in the early 1850s. The book chronicles the history of Ohio's Indians and their interactions with settlers and U.S. agents in the years leading up to their official removal, and sheds light on the complexities of the process, with both individual tribes and the United States taking advantage of opportunities at different times. It is also the story of how the native tribes tried to come to terms with the fast pace of change on America's western frontier and the inevitable loss of their traditional homelands. While the tribes often disagreed with one another, they attempted to move toward the best possible future for all their people against the relentless press of settlers and limited time. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Charles River Charles River Editors, 2013-08-26 The Five Civilized Tribes are among the best known Native American groups in American history, and they were even celebrated by contemporary Americans for their abilities to adapt to white culture. But tragically, they are also well known tribes due to the trials and tribulations they suffered by being forcibly moved west along the Trail of Tears. Though the Trail of Tears applied to several different tribes, it is most commonly associated today with the Cherokee. The Cherokee began the process of assimilation into European America very early, even before the establishment of the Unites States, but it is unclear what benefits that brought the tribe. Throughout the colonial period and after the American Revolution, the Cherokee struggled to satisfy the whims and desires of American government officials and settlers, often suffering injustices after complying with their desires. Nevertheless, the Cherokee continued to endure, and after being pushed west, they rose from humble origins as refugees new to the southeastern United States to build themselves back up into a powerhouse both economically and militarily. The Cherokee ultimately became the first people of non-European descent to become U.S. citizens en masse, and today the Cherokee Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United States, boasting over 300,000 members. The Creek became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes for quickly assimilating aspects of European culture, but in response to early European contact, the Muscogee established one of the strongest confederacies in the region. Despite becoming a dominant regional force, however, infighting brought about civil war in the early 19th century, and they were quickly wrapped up in the War of 1812 as well. By the end of that fighting, the Creek were compelled to cede millions of acres of land to the expanding United States, ushering in a new era that found the Creek occupying only a small strip of Alabama by the 1830s. With the Spanish Empire foundering during the mid-19th century, the young United States sought to take possession of Florida. President Andrew Jackson's notorious policy of Indian Removal led to the Seminole Wars in the 1830s, and that was already after General Andrew Jackson had led American soldiers against the Seminole in the First Seminole War a generation earlier. The Seminole Wars ultimately pushed much of the tribe into Oklahoma, and the nature of some of the fighting remains one of the best known aspects of Seminole history among Americans.--Introduction. |
| the trail of tears book: Cherokee Removal William L. Anderson, 1992-06-01 Includes bibliographical references. Includes index. |
| the trail of tears book: Pushing the Bear Diane Glancy, 1996 Chronicled through the diverse voices of the Cherokee, white soldiers, evangelists, leaders, and others, a historical novel captures the devastating uprooting of the Cherokee from their lands in 1838 and their forced march westward. |
| the trail of tears book: Toward Cherokee Removal Adam J. Pratt, 2020-11-01 Cherokee Removal excited the passions of Americans across the country. Nowhere did those passions have more violent expressions than in Georgia, where white intruders sought to acquire Native land through intimidation and state policies that supported their disorderly conduct. Cherokee Removal and the Trail of Tears, although the direct results of federal policy articulated by Andrew Jackson, were hastened by the state of Georgia. Starting in the 1820s, Georgians flocked onto Cherokee land, stole or destroyed Cherokee property, and generally caused havoc. Although these individuals did not have official license to act in such ways, their behavior proved useful to the state. The state also dispatched paramilitary groups into the Cherokee Nation, whose function was to intimidate Native inhabitants and undermine resistance to the state’s policies. The lengthy campaign of violence and intimidation white Georgians engaged in splintered Cherokee political opposition to Removal and convinced many Cherokees that remaining in Georgia was a recipe for annihilation. Although the use of force proved politically controversial, the method worked. By expelling Cherokees, state politicians could declare that they had made the disputed territory safe for settlement and the enjoyment of the white man’s chance. Adam J. Pratt examines how the process of one state’s expansion fit into a larger, troubling pattern of behavior. Settler societies across the globe relied on legal maneuvers to deprive Native peoples of their land and violent actions that solidified their claims. At stake for Georgia’s leaders was the realization of an idealized society that rested on social order and landownership. To achieve those goals, the state accepted violence and chaos in the short term as a way of ensuring the permanence of a social and political regime that benefitted settlers through the expansion of political rights and the opportunity to own land. To uphold the promise of giving land and opportunity to its own citizens—maintaining what was called the white man’s chance—politics within the state shifted to a more democratic form that used the expansion of land and rights to secure power while taking those same things away from others. |
| the trail of tears book: Monuments to Absence Andrew Denson, 2017-02-02 The 1830s forced removal of Cherokees from their southeastern homeland became the most famous event in the Indian history of the American South, an episode taken to exemplify a broader experience of injustice suffered by Native peoples. In this book, Andrew Denson explores the public memory of Cherokee removal through an examination of memorials, historic sites, and tourist attractions dating from the early twentieth century to the present. White southerners, Denson argues, embraced the Trail of Tears as a story of Indian disappearance. Commemorating Cherokee removal affirmed white possession of southern places, while granting them the moral satisfaction of acknowledging past wrongs. During segregation and the struggle over black civil rights, removal memorials reinforced whites' authority to define the South's past and present. Cherokees, however, proved capable of repossessing the removal memory, using it for their own purposes during a time of crucial transformation in tribal politics and U.S. Indian policy. In considering these representations of removal, Denson brings commemoration of the Indian past into the broader discussion of race and memory in the South. |
| the trail of tears book: The Trail of Tears Herman A. Peterson, 2010-10-11 The Removal of the Five Tribes from what is now the Southeastern part of the United States to the area that would become the state of Oklahoma is a topic widely researched and studied. In this annotated bibliography, Herman A. Peterson has gathered together studies in history, ethnohistory, ethnography, anthropology, sociology, rhetoric, and archaeology that pertain to the Removal. The focus of this bibliography is on published, peer-reviewed, scholarly secondary source material and published primary source documents that are easily available. The period under closest scrutiny extends from the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 to the end of the Third Seminole War in 1842. However, works directly relevant to the events leading up to the Removal, as well as those concerned with the direct aftermath of Removal in Indian Territory, are also included. This bibliography is divided into six sections, one for each of the tribes, as well as a general section for works that encompass more than one tribe or address Indian Removal as a policy. Each section is further divided by topic, and within each section the works are listed chronologically, showing the development of the literature on that topic over time. The Trail of Tears: An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern Indian Removal is a valuable resource for anyone researching this subject. |
| the trail of tears book: Trail of Tears R. Conrad Stein, 1993-01-01 |
| the trail of tears book: Thirteen Moons Charles Frazier, 2006-10-03 This magnificent novel by one of America’s finest writers is the epic of one man’s remarkable journey, set in nineteenth-century America against the background of a vanishing people and a rich way of life. At the age of twelve, under the Wind moon, Will is given a horse, a key, and a map, and sent alone into the Indian Nation to run a trading post as a bound boy. It is during this time that he grows into a man, learning, as he does, of the raw power it takes to create a life, to find a home. In a card game with a white Indian named Featherstone, Will wins—for a brief moment—a mysterious girl named Claire, and his passion and desire for her spans this novel. As Will’s destiny intertwines with the fate of the Cherokee Indians—including a Cherokee Chief named Bear—he learns how to fight and survive in the face of both nature and men, and eventually, under the Corn Tassel Moon, Will begins the fight against Washington City to preserve the Cherokee’s homeland and culture. And he will come to know the truth behind his belief that “only desire trumps time.” Brilliantly imagined, written with great power and beauty by a master of American fiction, Thirteen Moons is a stunning novel about a man’s passion for a woman, and how loss, longing and love can shape a man’s destiny over the many moons of a life. |
The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears - Archive.org
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The Cherokee Trail of Tears: A Sesquicentennial Perspective By Ronald N. Satz hundred and fifty years ago, during the first week of October 1838, the majority of the Cherokee people who had …
My Trail of Tears Activity Booklet - NPS
Goal: To learn more about a very difficult time in history for American Indians, known as the Trail of Tears or the events following the Indian Removal Act. Directions: Many people do not know …
Discover the Trail of Tears: A Lightning Lesson from Teaching with ...
In this lesson, students investigate a complicated story about how indigenous people negotiated through law and culture to preserve their identities. They will analyze pro-relocation and anti …
The Trail of Cherokee Tears - Saunders Family Library
14 Jan 2019 · The Trail of Cherokee Tears The removal of approximately 100,000 Native Americans from their homelands at the close of the 1830s marks an extraordinary change in …
National Park Service Trail of Tears Map
The sites of Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, stretching 5,043 miles across nine states, together form a journey of compassion and understanding.
The Cherokee Nation And The Trail Of Tears (book)
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans …
Teacher’s Guide: Trail of Tears: The Cherokee Fight Against Remov
the Trail of Tears, where hundreds died of exposure, fatigue, and grief. Stu-dents can view a map that shows the three routes taken by the Cherokees on the Trail of Tears. They then write a …
The Trail of Tears through Fictional Reminiscence
The majority of the father's narrative deals with the Trail of Tears, although his story actually begins with a brief episode in 1794. For the Cherokees, the Revolutionary War did not end until …
Subaltern Voices In The Trail Of Tears: Cognition And Resistance …
In this literature, the idea and history of empire is structurally dialectical - the ongoing interaction between imperialist colonizers and subordinated indigenous or subaltern populations and …
The Reverend Evan Jones and the Cherokee Trail of Tears, 1838 …
like Jones, chose to march along the "Trail of Tears" with the Cherokees, spoke in his journal of the loading of the first Cherokee contingents onto "filthy boats" which planned to "land them at …
The Trail of Tears
The journey made by the Five Civilized Tribes in the 1830s, known as the Trail of Tears, is one of the darkest episodes in the history of North America. This book tells the tragic story of Indian …
Sequoyah and the “Trail of Tears” - Core Knowledge
The purpose of this project is to allow students to learn about the significant impact the Native Americans have had on history. Students will study factual information about the triumph and …
TIMELINE HISTORY TRAIL OF TEARS - lernerbooks.com
In this book, a series of dates and important events appear in timelines. Timelines are a visual way of showing a series of events over a time period. A timeline often reveals the cause and …
State Secret: North Carolina and the Cherokee Trail of Tears - JSTOR
the Cherokee Trail of Tears James Bryant This paper is an analytic essay that examines the treatment of the Cherokee Trail of Tears in a North Carolina fourth grade textbook. I begin by …
(ouch) - manmadeofbirds
The central setting and plot premise of Blake M. Hausman's Riding the Trail of Tears (2011), TREPP stands for the Tsalagi Removal Exodus Point Park, a virtual-reality Indian-tourist-trap …
David Ray Papke William G. McLoughlin, After the Trail of Tears: …
In this well-written book, McLoughlin adroitly maintains the chronology while carefully relating important topics and themes that have suffused Cherokee histo-ry. After the Trail of Tears is …
27th Annual Trail of Tears Association Conference & Symposium
A written and signed notice of cancellation must be submitted to the Trail of Tears Association, 412 N. Hwy 100, Suite B, PO Box 329 Webbers Falls, OK 74470 in order to receive a refund. A 50% refund will be granted if notice is received by
27th Annual Trail of Tears Association Conference & Symposium
A written and signed notice of cancellation must be submitted to the Trail of Tears Association, 412 N. Hwy 100, Suite B, PO Box 329 Webbers Falls, OK 74470 in order to receive a refund. A 50% refund will be granted if notice is received by
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Fall Newsletter 2021
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Fall Newsletter 2021 5 of 7. Virtual Trail Stories & Experiences Have you been following the trails on social media? You may have noticed an increase in articles, virtual visits, and virtual kids' activities. People can't travel to experience the trails in person, so the national trails' staff has been ...
Cherokee Nation The Removal Act Cherokee Trail of Tears
the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail. In 2009 more routes are added. 1838 A group of North Carolina Cherokee avoid removal because they live on land ceded tothem byearlier treaties These Cherokee are the bases for today's Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. 1838 (Aug. 23) Cherokee Hair Conrad leads the first land route detachment out of ...
Warriors: Dawn of the Clans #1: The Sun Trail
CATS OF THE MOUNTAINS TRIBE-HEALERTELLER OF THE POINTED STONES (STONETELLER)—old white she-cat with green eyes QUIET RAIN—speckled gray she-cat GRAY WING—sleek, dark gray tom with golden eyes CLEAR SKY—light gray tom with blue eyes BRIGHT STREAM—brown-and-white tabby she-cat SHADED MOSS—black-and-white tom …
The Trail Where They Cried - U.S. National Park Service
By helping to preserve historic sites and trail segments, and developing areas for public use, the story of the forced removal of the Cherokee people and other American Indian tribes is remembered and told by the National Park Service and its partners. You can visit more sites along the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail. Learn more at
Indian Removal Act And The Trail of Tears - Mentor Memorial …
The Trail of Tears •By March 1839, all survivors had arrived in the west. •No one knows how many died throughout the ordeal, but the trip was especially hard on infants, children, and the elderly. Missionary doctor Elizur Butler, who accompanied the Cherokees, estimated
The Trail of Tears in Tennessee: A Study of the Routes Used …
The Trail of Tears is often thought of as one specific trail or road on which thousands of Cherokees walked to their new home in what is now Oklahoma, but the reality is much more complex. Approximately 16,000 Cherokee people, with a handful of Creek Indians and black slaves, traveled in 17 different detachments ...
The Reverend Evan Jones and the Cherokee Trail of Tears, 1838 …
Cherokee Trail of Tears, 1838-1839 By William G. McLoughlin Evan Jones was born in Brecknockshire, Wales, on May 11, 1788. Little is known of his early life beyond the fact ... of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. In 1830, Congress, at President Andrew Jackson's urging, passed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the exchange of
Trail Of Tears Book (Download Only)
Trail Of Tears Book The Enigmatic Realm of Trail Of Tears Book: Unleashing the Language is Inner Magic In a fast-paced digital era where connections and knowledge intertwine, the enigmatic realm of language reveals its inherent magic. Its capacity to stir emotions, ignite contemplation, and catalyze profound transformations is nothing lacking
EwE_Trail-of-Tears_Illinois-GIS-FINAL - Educating with Evidence
as the “Trail of Tears.” Source Information: Map 1. Trail of Tears, 1838-39 – General map of national Trail of Tears routes and Major Rivers for question 2. Map 2. Southern Illinois Trail of Tears – Regional map of the Illinois route of the Trail of Tears and campsites recorded in the journal of Rev. Daniel Butrick for questions 2, 3 and 4.
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Project Updates - Protection ...
Trail of Tears Association Memphis and the Trail of Tears Trail of Tears National Historic Trail During the Fall 2014 TOTA conference, the bus trip includes a stop at the Memphis waterfront for the unveiling of a new Trail of Tears National Historic Trail (NHT) wayside exhibit about early removal and the water route in the Memphis area. Exhibits
TThe Trail of Tearshe Trail of Tears 5 - lessons.unbounded.org
9 Identify the main topic of “The Trail of Tears” by creating a quilt square (RI.2.2) 9 Describe the connection between a series of historical events such as the Trail of Tears and westward expansion (RI.2.3) 9 With assistance, create and interpret a timeline related to the Trail of Tears and westward expansion (RI.2.7)
National Park Service Trail of Tears Map
Trail of Tears NationalHistoric Trail REMOVAL CAMPS After being forcibly removed from their homes in Georgia. Alabama. Tennessee, and North Carolina, most Cherokee are moved into 11 removal camps—10 in Tennessee and one in Alabama. There …
Cherokee Nation And The Trail Of Tears - newredlist-es-data1 ...
The Trail of Tears remains a poignant reminder of the devastating consequences of injustice and the enduring strength of the. 5 Cherokee Nation And The Trail Of Tears Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org human spirit. By understanding this history, we can learn valuable lessons about the importance of empathy, respect, and the ...
THE TRAIL OF TEARS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE - JSTOR
Nunna daul Tsuny (Trail Where We Cried); it has become known in English as the "Trail of Tears." The Cherokee suffered from adverse weather, mistreat-ment by soldiers, inadequate food, disease, bereavement, and the loss of their homes, all of which contributed to large population losses; just how large is the topic of this article. Cherokee Removal
Black Hawk: Illinois and the Trail of Tears - Illinois State University
Black Hawk: Illinois and the Trail of Tears By the third decade of the 19th century the future of those Native Americans tribes still residing east of the Mississippi was set. Though the U. S. Supreme Court had recognized in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) that one such nation—the Cherokee—enjoyed limited
A Long Journey - NPS History
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Junior Ranger Program nps.gov/trte The Cherokee Indians lived in the states now called Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama. Their land was perfect for farming and hunting, but once gold was discovered white settlers wanted to move there. The Cherokee, who
The Cherokee People and the Trail of Tears Middle School …
People and the Trail of Tears – Middle School Level 1 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park Lesson Plan: The Cherokee People and the Trail of Tears – Middle School Level I. Relevant Topics: Factor, Growth, Removal, Creek, Cherokee II. Grade Level(s): 8th grade III. Standards: a.
Manifest Destiny and Indian Removal - American Experience
The Trail of Tears . However, removal was not met with gratitude or joy by the majority of American Indians forced to leave their homelands. American Indian participation in removal was meant to be voluntary, and the act required the U.S. government to negotiate fairly with the tribes, but this was not often the result.
The Trail of Tears - Wake County Public School System
DBQ 6: “Trail of Tears” painting "Trail of Tears" painting by Robert Lindneux Woolaroc Museum, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. 1. List 2 images within this picture that show that the Trail of Tears might have been a voluntary removal of Cherokees from their native lands. 2. List 2 images from this picture show that this removal was forced by the U.S
Advanced U.S. History-Based Writing Lessons
Book. Instructions to teachers, answers to questions, sample key word outlines, brainstorming ideas, review games, and helps for motivating students are inserted. This format allows a teacher to teach directly from the Teacher’s Manual alone, without the need of her own copy of the Student Book. Simply read through the Teacher’s Manual,
Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail …
understudied atrocities: the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the Herero Genocide, and the Pontic Greek Genocide. These processes of destruction are all classified as examples of Displacement Atrocities. This article is part . of a larger research project on Displacement Atrocities to be completed in the coming years. Keywords
The Cherokee Trail of Tears: A Sesquicentennial Perspective
Trail of Tears Period," Thornton argued that the actual mortality rate during the Trail of Tears was about eight thousand. Also see Thornton's American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 (Norman, Okla., 1987), 50, 114-18. Mr. Satz is professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.
The Cherokee Trail of Tears: A Sesquicentennial Perspective
Trail of Tears Period," Thornton argued that the actual mortality rate during the Trail of Tears was about eight thousand. Also see Thornton's American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 (Norman, Okla., 1987), 50, 114-18. Mr. Satz is professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.
8 - Trail of Tears - Kenneth Cope
Along the trail of tears Though I’m stung by the grave My heart about to break It’s calling me Still calling me From the falls to the rise I’m in for the climb ’Cause joy’s calling me Calling me If we live—if we die There’s forever Every smile has its price Come surrender
Trail of Tears and Indian Removal - Archive.org
The Trail of Tears left the Cherokees not only with thousands dead, but also with a nation geographically divided, and those in so-called Indian Territory suffering dramatic internal political and cul-tural schisms. If the Trail of Tears is significant in the history of the United States, it had far more impact on the history of the Cherokee
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Review of The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. By Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green Rowena McClinton Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, rmcclin@siue.edu ... BOOK REVIEWS 151 . Title: Review of The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. By Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green
Trail of Tears National Historic Trail - npshistory.com
Baker Recounts Early Efforts for Recognition of Trail of Tears In the May 2003 issue of this newslet-ter, TOTA’s Immediate Past President Riley Bock documented the adminis-trative history of the Trail of Tears Association. As a follow up, Beverly Baker gives us her perspective on the
Native Americans’ Discourse in the Trail of Tears Poems
ISSN 2325-4149 (Print), 2325-4165 (Online) ©Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.aijssnet.com 71 The tragic march of about 17,000 Cherokees along with approximately 2,000 Cherokee-owned black slaves, began on
Primary Sources: A Soldier's Account of the Cherokee Trail of Tears
the Cherokee Trail of Tears A painting of the Trail of Tears showing Cherokee Native Americans walking west after they were forced by the U.S. government to leave their homes. Al Moldvay/The Denver Post via Getty Images Editor's Note: In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. The law allowed President Andrew Jackson new power.
Randolph county trail of tears - Lesmeister Guesthouse, Since 2013
While it’s possible to begin at either end of the trail, we recommend starting in the northeast, where the Trail of Tears entered Randolph County, and follow the route across 4 rivers, moving south and west. It’s a 37 mile hike. Covering 13 miles/day makes a good hike without being overly tiring. Conveniently, the Fourche
Episodes from the Genocide of the Native Americans: A Review …
In Voices from the Trail of Tears, Vicki Rozema, who has previously written on the history of the Cherokees, has compiled a source book that recounts the fate of those who undertook or observed the Cherokee Trail of Tears. In this book, the actual participants give us an insight into what happened during this infamous chapter in American history.
A Trail of Tears - United States Courts
A Trail of Tears . This is the story of Standing Bear, a Ponca chief who in 1879 won the right to be considered a person under the U.S. Constitution. The Ponca were a small, peaceful tribe who settled between the Missouri and Niobrara rivers in what is now northern Nebraska and South Dakota. In the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie with the Lakota ...
TRAIL OF TEARS Reading Comprehension - mrnussbaum.com
TRAIL OF TEARS Reading Comprehension In the early 1800s, America’s population was booming and people were moving west. Westward expansion came mostly at the expense of the Indians who were often forced to move from their native lands. In the state of Georgia, the population increased 600 percent in a matter of 40 years. As a result,
Trail of Tears in Kentucky - NPS History
Fall 2021 • Trail of Tears National Historic Trail News 3 OKLAHOMA CHAPTER OFFERS LONG OUT OF PRINT RESOURCE Trail of Tears Association President, and longtime researcher Jack D. Baker, transcribed and published Cherokee Emigration Rolls 1817-1835 back, in 1977. Jack kept this paperback volume in print for several years, but it has not
M1773 E C ROLLS, 1835–1884 the introduction for this microfilm publication.
of most of the Cherokee Nation in the years 1835–1839 (the so-called “Trail of Tears”). Some of the rolls were made well after the removal period, but they have been main-tained in this series, Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835–1884, which is part of the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group (RG) 75.1
Trail of Tears - CORE
Trail of Tears When the first of us come to the bluff, the mud swirl of the water shows how small we are. Mississippi River, the soldiers say. The far shore promises a trail, rutted and wet. Step there and we disappear. The smallest of us knows. The mothers clutch their babies. The old men and the old women fall into the mud and try to hold it
THESE HILLS, THIS TRAIL: CHEROKEE OUTDOOR …
Heritage Center’s (CHC) The Trail of Tears (1968) in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Unto These Hills and The Trail of Tears were originally commissioned to commemorate the survivability of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) and the Cherokee Nation (CN) in light of nineteenth-century Euramerican acts of deracination and transculturation.
CCHS Newsletter February 2018
His newest book is called AGATAHI: THE CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS. This summer marks the 180th anniversary of the Trail of Tears, the forced removal of the Cherokee people from their homeland. This new book is the irst of its kind, telling the Trail of Tears from the point of view of those who experienced it. While many books have
Trail of Tears Tennessee - NPS
Tennessee River Museum State Park Pulaski Trail of Tears . 24 Cabin 64 74 . Memphis . 69 . Interpretive Center . 55 78 . TRAIL OF TEARS RETRACEMENT TRAIL . David Crockett State Park 1400 West Gaines, Lawrenceburg , TN 38464 (931) 762-9408 During 1838 and 1839, Cherokee . Site Information: Visit the Trail of Tears Interpretive . TRAIL OF TEARS &
Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears Primary Documents PAM E 93 v.1 no.3. Cherokee Nation. Memorial--Indians--Cherokee Delegation : Memorial of the Delegation of the Cherokee Nation. [Washington]: Blair & Rives, 1840. USouth E 99 .C5 B84 1938. Brown, John P. Old Frontiers : The Story of the Cherokee Indians From Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the ...
HS.USH.Grand Ronde Trail of Tears - Oregon.gov
provided Trail of Tears map but will substitute Ambrose’s journal entries for student-created journal entries from the Native American perspective. Teachers can choose to use the Journal Map Worksheet as a guide for students or have students create the map entirely on their own.
The Indian Removal Act and The Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears by Peter Benoit Expansion of Our Nation: The Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears by Susan E. Hamen Forced Removal: Causes and Effects of the Trail of Tears (Cause and Effect: American Indian History) by Heather E. Schwartz The Trail of Tears: A History Just for Kids! by KidsCaps
The Cherokee Trail of Tears - Smithsonian Associates
27 Feb 2024 · Texts: John A. Andrew, III, From Revivals to Removals, Jeremiah Evarts, the Cherokee Nation, and the Search for the Soul of America (Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2007, paperback) Sven Beckett, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (New York: Vintage books, A Division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2015) Margaret Bender, Signs of Cherokee Culture: …
Quality Audit Trail Record Book - Tristel
Quality Audit Trail Record Book Finally, the Quality Audit Trail Record Book records the decontamination process through to use on a patient or to storage of the device. It tracks the following steps: • Identification of the medical device to be decontaminated and the date and time it is decontaminated.
Primary Source: A Soldier Recalls the Trail of Tears - NCpedia
Trail of Tears, and that he had refused to answer, promising them a full account before he died. To call it a deeply moving story is an understatement. Children: This is my birthday, December 11, 1890, I am eighty years old today. I was born at Kings Iron Works in Sulllivan County, Tennessee, December the 11th, 1810.
The Trail of Tears in Tennessee: A Study of the Routes Used …
The Trail of Tears is often thought of as one specific trail or road on which thousands of Cherokees walked to their new home in what is now Oklahoma, but the reality is much more complex. Approximately 16,000 Cherokee people, with a handful of Creek Indians and black slaves, traveled in 17 different detachments ...
Mapping the Trail of Tears Trail of Tears - Studies Weekly
The Trail of Tears is the name given to the terrible journey that 70,000 American Indians made when they were forced from their homeland to Indian Territory. During the journey, many American Indians died. This included about 4,000 Cherokee, which was nearly one-fourth of the tribe. No one knows the total
