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| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project Francis George Gosling, 1999 A history of the origins and development of the American atomic bomb program during WWII. Begins with the scientific developments of the pre-war years. Details the role of the U.S. government in conducting a secret, nationwide enterprise that took science from the laboratory and into combat with an entirely new type of weapon. Concludes with a discussion of the immediate postwar period, the debate over the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and the founding of the Atomic Energy Commission. Chapters: the Einstein letter; physics background, 1919-1939; early government support; the atomic bomb and American strategy; and the Manhattan district in peacetime. Illustrated. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb Stephane Groueff, 2023-12-13 “Groueff, a Paris-Match reporter, was sponsored by The Reader’s Digest to write this prodigious account of the multiple efforts which went into the creation of the first atomic bomb between 1942 and 1945. The book is a history of the men involved, mainly; and Groves, the military commander, is obviously the author’s hero. Reading like the account of a hurdle race, the book charges into a discussion of a problem, then ‘finds’ and describes the man who bested it. Thus are described the building of Oak Ridge, Fermi’s atomic pile, the electromagnetic process, the crises over the barrier and the valves for the gaseous diffusion process, the last-minute decisions concerning the implosion process with plutonium. Groueff does convey well a scene of fantastic activity, where different solutions to one problem were worked on simultaneously, where industrial equipment came before scientific results were known, where the ‘impossible’ was achieved — in time. The material is fascinating, and the scientific information is well presented... [an] excellent overall view of a monumental project.” — Kirkus “Groueff has for the first time given due recognition to some of the minor figures, particularly engineers and technicians, and has preserved in his pages much information that would otherwise perish with the participants or lie forever buried in the archives.” — Kendall Birr, The American Historical Review “Groueff... covers the Manhattan Project from its beginning in 1942 to the bombing of Hiroshima... [he] concentrates on the engineering and industrial effort that went into producing the first atomic weapons... The result is a popular but responsible account, episodic in structure, rich in detail and human interest... for the first time a book aimed at the mass market gives engineers and industrialists their due. It is a great story of the almost incredibly complex task of translating theory into industrial and military reality.” — Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., Science “So intriguing in fact and in style is the text of the narrative of this book that, once begun, it cannot be put down until the end... In these pages the names and roles of some of the world’s greatest scientists and engineers unfold in thrilling parade, with Dr. Vannevar Bush the leader. These men of vast knowledge and ability unite with the commercial managers and their companies mobilized by the hundreds for the construction and operation of the many facilities involved.” — Leo A. Codd, Ordnance “Excellent... maintains a high degree of exciting suspense.” — Washington Star “A fascinating account of a stupendous effort.” — Chicago Tribune |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb F. G. Gosling, United States of Energy, 2012-08-09 The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 brought together for the first time in one department most of the Federal Government's energy programs. With these programs came a score of organizational entities each with its own history and traditions, from a dozen departments and independent agencies. The History Division has prepared a series of monographs on The Origins of the Department of Energy. Each explains the history, goals, and achievements of a predecessor agency or a major program of the Department of Energy. The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb is a short history of the origins and development of the American atomic bomb program during World War II. Beginning with the scientific development of the pre-war years, the monograph details the role of United States government in conducting a secret, nationwide enterprise that took science from the laboratory and into combat with an entirely new type of weapon. The monograph concludes with a discussion of the immediate postwar period, the debate over the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and the founding of the Atomic Energy commission. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Making of the Atomic Bomb Richard Rhodes, 2012-09-18 **Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award** The definitive history of nuclear weapons—from the turn-of-the-century discovery of nuclear energy to J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project—this epic work details the science, the people, and the sociopolitical realities that led to the development of the atomic bomb. This sweeping account begins in the 19th century, with the discovery of nuclear fission, and continues to World War Two and the Americans’ race to beat Hitler’s Nazis. That competition launched the Manhattan Project and the nearly overnight construction of a vast military-industrial complex that culminated in the fateful dropping of the first bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Reading like a character-driven suspense novel, the book introduces the players in this saga of physics, politics, and human psychology—from FDR and Einstein to the visionary scientists who pioneered quantum theory and the application of thermonuclear fission, including Planck, Szilard, Bohr, Oppenheimer, Fermi, Teller, Meitner, von Neumann, and Lawrence. From nuclear power’s earliest foreshadowing in the work of H.G. Wells to the bright glare of Trinity at Alamogordo and the arms race of the Cold War, this dread invention forever changed the course of human history, and The Making of The Atomic Bomb provides a panoramic backdrop for that story. Richard Rhodes’s ability to craft compelling biographical portraits is matched only by his rigorous scholarship. Told in rich human, political, and scientific detail that any reader can follow, The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a thought-provoking and masterful work. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Remembering the Manhattan Project Cynthia C. Kelly, 2005-01-27 During World War II, nations raced to construct the worldOCOs first nuclear weapon that would determine the future of the world. The Manhattan Project, one of the most significant achievements of the 20th century, was the culmination of AmericaOCOs war effort. Today, although the issue of nuclear weapons frequently dominates world politics, few are aware of the history behind its development. Part I of this book, comprised of papers from the Atomic Heritage FoundationOCOs Symposium on the Manhattan Project, recounts the history of this remarkable effort and reflects upon its legacy. Most of the original structures of the Manhattan Project have been inaccessible to the public and in recent years, have been stripped of their equipment and slated for demolition. Part II proposes a strategy for preserving these historical artifacts for the public and future generations. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project Francis Gosling, U.s. Department of Energy, 2015-08-15 In a national survey at the turn of the millennium, journalists and historians ranked the dropping of the atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan to end the Second World War as the top story of the twentieth century. The advent of nuclear weapons, brought about by the Manhattan Project, not only helped bring an end to World War II but ushered in the atomic age and determined how the next war-the Cold War-would be fought. The Manhattan Project also became the organizational model behind the impressive achievements of American big science during the second half of the twentieth century, which demonstrated the relationship between basic scientific research and national security. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project Cynthia C. Kelly, 2020-07-07 On the seventy-fifth anniversary of the first atomic bomb, discover new reflections on the Manhattan Project from President Barack Obama, hibakusha (survivors), and the modern-day mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The creation of the atomic bomb during World War II, codenamed the Manhattan Project, was one of the most significant and clandestine scientific undertakings of the 20th century. It forever changed the nature of war and cast a shadow over civilization. Born out of a small research program that began in 1939, the Manhattan Project would eventually employ nearly 600,000 people and cost about $2 billon ($28.5 billion in 2020) -- all while operating under a shroud of complete secrecy. On the 75th anniversary of this profoundly crucial moment in history, this newest edition of The Manhattan Project is updated with writings and reflections from the past decade and a half. This groundbreaking collection of essays, articles, documents, and excerpts from histories, biographies, plays, novels, letters, and oral histories remains the most comprehensive collection of primary source material of the atomic bomb. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Racing for the Bomb Robert Stan Norris, 2002 Colonel Leslie R. Groves was a career officer in the Army Corps of Engineers, fresh from over-seeing hundreds of military construction projects, including the Pentagon, when he was given the job in September 1942 of building the atomic bomb. In this full-scale biography, Norris places Groves at the centre of the amazing Manhattan Project story. Offering new information and vital insights into how the bomb got built and how the decision to use it was made, this is a completely new perspective on the military colossus behind the U.S.'s first nuclear bombs. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project Jeff A. Hughes, 2003 Launched in 1942, the Manhattan Project was a well-funded, secret effort by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada to develop an atomic bomb before the Nazis. The results--the bombs named Little Boy and Fat Man--were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. A vast state within a state, the Manhattan Project employed 130,000 people and cost the United States and its allies 2 billion dollars, but its contribution to science as a prestigious investment was invaluable. After the bombs were dropped, states began allocating unprecedented funds for scientific research, leading to the establishment of many of twentieth century's major research institutions. Yet the union of science, industry, and the military did not start with the development of the atomic bomb; World War II only deepened the relationship. This absorbing history revisits the interactions among science, the national interest, and public and private funding that was initiated in World War I and flourished in WWII. It then follows the Manhattan Project from inception to dissolution, describing the primary influences that helped execute the world's first successful plan for nuclear research and tracing the lineages of modern national nuclear agencies back to their source. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project Al Cimino, 2015-07-14 The ramifications of the Manhattan Project are still with us to this day. The atomic bombs that came out of it brought an end to the war in the Pacific, but at a heavy loss of life in Japan and the opening of a Pandora's box that has tested international relations. This book traces the history of the Manhattan Project, from the first glimmerings of the possibility of such a catastrophic weapon to the aftermath of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It profiles the architects of the bomb and how they tried to reconcile their personal feelings with their ambition as scientists. It looks at the role of the politicians and it includes first-hand accounts of those who experienced the effects of the bombings. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Restricted Data Alex Wellerstein, 2021-04-09 Nuclear weapons, since their conception, have been the subject of secrecy. In the months after the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the American scientific establishment, the American government, and the American public all wrestled with what was called the problem of secrecy, wondering not only whether secrecy was appropriate and effective as a means of controlling this new technology but also whether it was compatible with the country's core values. Out of a messy context of propaganda, confusion, spy scares, and the grave counsel of competing groups of scientists, what historian Alex Wellerstein calls a new regime of secrecy was put into place. It was unlike any other previous or since. Nuclear secrets were given their own unique legal designation in American law (restricted data), one that operates differently than all other forms of national security classification and exists to this day. Drawing on massive amounts of declassified files, including records released by the government for the first time at the author's request, Restricted Data is a narrative account of nuclear secrecy and the tensions and uncertainty that built as the Cold War continued. In the US, both science and democracy are pitted against nuclear secrecy, and this makes its history uniquely compelling and timely-- |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Manhattan Project F. G. Gosling, 1999-02-01 |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Girls of Atomic City Denise Kiernan, 2014-03-11 This is the story of the young women of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, who unwittingly played a crucial role in one of the most significant moments in U.S. history. The Tennessee town of Oak Ridge was created from scratch in 1942. One of the Manhattan Project's secret cities. All knew something big was happening at Oak Ridge, but few could piece together the true nature of their work until the bomb Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima, Japan, and the secret was out. The reverberations from their work there, work they did not fully understand at the time, are still being felt today. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Atomic Bomb: The Story of the Manhattan Project Bruce Cameron Reed, 2015-06-01 This volume, prepared by an acknowledged expert on the Manhattan Project, gives a concise, fast-paced account of all major aspects of the project at a level accessible to an undergraduate college or advanced high-school student familiar with some basic concepts of energy, atomic structure, and isotopes. The text describes the underlying scientific discoveries that made nuclear weapons possible, how the project was organized, the daunting challenges faced and overcome in obtaining fissile uranium and plutonium, and in designing workable bombs, the dramatic Trinity test carried out in the desert of southern New Mexico in July 1945, and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Atomic Doctors James L. Nolan Jr., 2020-08-06 An unflinching examination of the moral and professional dilemmas faced by physicians who took part in the Manhattan Project. After his father died, James L. Nolan, Jr., took possession of a box of private family materials. To his surprise, the small secret archive contained a treasure trove of information about his grandfather’s role as a doctor in the Manhattan Project. Dr. Nolan, it turned out, had been a significant figure. A talented ob-gyn radiologist, he cared for the scientists on the project, organized safety and evacuation plans for the Trinity test at Alamogordo, escorted the “Little Boy” bomb from Los Alamos to the Pacific Islands, and was one of the first Americans to enter the irradiated ruins of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Participation on the project challenged Dr. Nolan’s instincts as a healer. He and his medical colleagues were often conflicted, torn between their duty and desire to win the war and their oaths to protect life. Atomic Doctors follows these physicians as they sought to maximize the health and safety of those exposed to nuclear radiation, all the while serving leaders determined to minimize delays and maintain secrecy. Called upon both to guard against the harmful effects of radiation and to downplay its hazards, doctors struggled with the ethics of ending the deadliest of all wars using the most lethal of all weapons. Their work became a very human drama of ideals, co-optation, and complicity. A vital and vivid account of a largely unknown chapter in atomic history, Atomic Doctors is a profound meditation on the moral dilemmas that ordinary people face in extraordinary times. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Physics of the Manhattan Project B. Cameron Reed, 2010-10-05 The development of nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project is one of the most significant scientific events of the twentieth century. This book, prepared by a gifted teacher of physics, explores the challenges that faced the members of the Manhattan project. In doing so it gives a clear introduction to fission weapons at the level of an upper-level undergraduate physics student. Details of nuclear reactions, their energy release, the fission process, how critical masses can be estimated, how fissile materials are produced, and what factors complicate bomb design are covered. An extensive list of references and a number of problems for self-study are included. Links are given to several spreadsheets with which users can run many of the calculations for themselves. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Prometheus Bomb Neil J. Sullivan, 2016-12 During World War II, the lives of millions of Americans lay precariously in the hands of a few brilliant scientists who raced to develop the first weapon of mass destruction. Elected officials gave the scientists free rein in the Manhattan Project without understanding the complexities and dangers involved in splitting the atom. The Manhattan Project was the first example of a new type of choice for congressmen, presidents, and other government officials: life and death on a national scale. From that moment, our government began fashioning public policy for issues of scientific development, discoveries, and inventions that could secure or threaten our existence and our future. But those same men and women had no training in such fields, did not understand the ramifications of the research, and relied on incomplete information to form potentially life-changing decisions. Through the story of the Manhattan Project, Neil J. Sullivan asks by what criteria the people in charge at the time made such critical decisions. He also ponders how similar judgments are reached today with similar incomprehension from those at the top as our society dives down the potential rabbit hole of bioengineering, nanotechnology, and scientific developments yet to come. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project Department Of Energy, 2013-05-23 The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb is a short history of the origins and development of the American atomic bomb program during World War II. Beginning with the scientific development of the pre-war years, the monograph details the role of United States government in conducting a secret, nationwide enterprise that took science from the laboratory and into combat with an entirely new type of weapon. The monograph concludes with a discussion of the immediate postwar period, the debate over the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and the founding of the Atomic Energy commission. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Their Day in the Sun Ruth H. Howes, Caroline L. Herzenberg, 2003-05 The public perception of the making of the atomic bomb is an image of the dramatic efforts of a few brilliant male scientists. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Manhattan Project and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb Aaron Barlow, 2019-11-08 This invaluable resource offers students a comprehensive overview of the Manhattan Project and the decision to drop the atomic bomb, with more than 80 in-depth articles on a variety of topics and dozens of key primary source documents. This book provides everything readers need to know about the Manhattan Project, the U.S. program that led to the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. It begins with a detailed introduction to the project and includes an alphabetical collection of relevant entries on such topics as the Enola Gay, the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb; Enrico Fermi, creator of the first nuclear reactor; Hiroshima, the target of the first atomic bomb; and Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Manhattan Project. Dozens of primary sources include eyewitness accounts, government memos, letters, press releases, and other important documents relevant to the establishment and success of the Manhattan Project. A set of four essays written by prominent scholars address whether the United States was justified in dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. The book also includes a comprehensive chronology that reveals key moments related to the creation of the world's first nuclear weapon as well as a bibliography of resources that points readers toward additional information on the Manhattan Project, nuclear weapons, and World War II. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Atomic Spaces Peter Bacon Hales, 1999-04 Code-named the Manhattan Project, the detailed plans for developing an atomic bomb were impelled by urgency and shrouded in secrecy. This book tells the story of the project's three key sites: Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Hanford, Washington; and Los Alamos, New Mexico. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II Herbert Feis, 2015-03-08 This book discusses the decision to use the atomic bomb. Libraries and scholars will find it a necessary adjunct to their other studies by Pulitzer-Prize author Herbert Feis on World War II. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project Cynthia C. Kelly, 2006 2004 marked the centennial of the birth of J Robert Oppenheimer, and brought historians and scholars, former students, nuclear physicists, and politicians together to celebrate this event. Oppenheimer's life and work became central to 20th century history as he spearheaded the development of the atomic bomb that ended World War II. This book provides a spectrum of interpretations of Oppenheimer's life and scientific achievements. It approaches the extraordinary scientist and teacher from many perspectives, chronicling the years from his boyhood through his role as director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and afterwards. The book also discusses Oppenheimer's connection to New Mexico, which hosted two of the Manhattan Project's most crucial sites, and addresses his lasting impact on contemporary science, international politics, and the postwar age. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Pope of Physics Gino Segrè, Bettina Hoerlin, 2016-10-18 Enrico Fermi is unquestionably among the greats of the world's physicists, the most famous Italian scientist since Galileo. Called the Pope by his peers, he was regarded as infallible in his instincts and research. His discoveries changed our world; they led to weapons of mass destruction and conversely to life-saving medical interventions. This unassuming man struggled with issues relevant today, such as the threat of nuclear annihilation and the relationship of science to politics. Fleeing Fascism and anti-Semitism, Fermi became a leading figure in America's most secret project: building the atomic bomb. The last physicist who mastered all branches of the discipline, Fermi was a rare mixture of theorist and experimentalist. His rich legacy encompasses key advances in fields as diverse as comic rays, nuclear technology, and early computers. In their revealing book, The Pope of Physics, Gino Segré and Bettina Hoerlin bring this scientific visionary to life. An examination of the human dramas that touched Fermi’s life as well as a thrilling history of scientific innovation in the twentieth century, this is the comprehensive biography that Fermi deserves. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Atomic West Bruce W. Hevly, John M. Findlay, 2011-12-01 The Manhattan Project—the World War II race to produce an atomic bomb—transformed the entire country in myriad ways, but it did not affect each region equally. Acting on an enduring perception of the American West as an “empty” place, the U.S. government located a disproportionate number of nuclear facilities—particularly the ones most likely to spread pollution—in western states. The Manhattan Project manufactured plutonium at Hanford, Washington; designed and assembled bombs at Los Alamos, New Mexico; and detonated the world’s first atomic bomb at Alamagordo, New Mexico, on June 16, 1945. In the years that followed the war, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission selected additional western sites for its work. Many westerners initially welcomed the atom. Like federal officials, they, too, regarded their region as “empty,” or underdeveloped. Facilities to make, test, and base atomic weapons, sites to store nuclear waste, and even nuclear power plants were regarded as assets. By the 1960s and 1970s, however, regional attitudes began to change. At a variety of locales, ranging from Eskimo Alaska to Mormon Utah, westerners devoted themselves to resisting the atom and its effects on their environments and communities. Just as the atomic age had dawned in the American West, so its artificial sun began to set there. The Atomic West brings together contributions from several disciplines to explore the impact on the West of the development of atomic power from wartime secrecy and initial postwar enthusiasm to public doubts and protest in the 1970s and 1980s. An impressive example of the benefits of interdisciplinary studies on complex topics, The Atomic West advances our understanding of both regional history and the history of science, and does so with human communities as a significant focal point. The book will be of special interest to students and experts on the American West, environmental history, and the history of science and technology. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Manhattan project : making the atomic bomb , 2006 |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Apocalypse Factory: Plutonium and the Making of the Atomic Age Steve Olson, 2020-07-28 A thrilling narrative of scientific triumph, decades of secrecy, and the unimaginable destruction wrought by the creation of the atomic bomb. It began with plutonium, the first element ever manufactured in quantity by humans. Fearing that the Germans would be the first to weaponize the atom, the United States marshaled brilliant minds and seemingly inexhaustible bodies to find a way to create a nuclear chain reaction of inconceivable explosive power. In a matter of months, the Hanford nuclear facility was built to produce and weaponize the enigmatic and deadly new material that would fuel atomic bombs. In the desert of eastern Washington State, far from prying eyes, scientists Glenn Seaborg, Enrico Fermi, and many thousands of others—the physicists, engineers, laborers, and support staff at the facility—manufactured plutonium for the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, and for the bombs in the current American nuclear arsenal, enabling the construction of weapons with the potential to end human civilization. With his characteristic blend of scientific clarity and storytelling, Steve Olson asks why Hanford has been largely overlooked in histories of the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. Olson, who grew up just twenty miles from Hanford’s B Reactor, recounts how a small Washington town played host to some of the most influential scientists and engineers in American history as they sought to create the substance at the core of the most destructive weapons ever created. The Apocalypse Factory offers a new generation this dramatic story of human achievement and, ultimately, of lethal hubris. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: The Los Alamos Primer Robert Serber, 2020 More than seventy years ago, American forces exploded the first atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing great physical and human destruction. The young scientists at Los Alamos who developed the bombs, which were nicknamed Little Boy and Fat Man, were introduced to the basic principles and goals of the project in March 1943, at a crash course in new weapons technology. The lecturer was physicist Robert Serber, J. Robert Oppenheimer's protégé, and the scientists learned that their job was to design and build the world's first atomic bombs. Notes on Serber's lectures were gathered into a mimeographed document titled TheLos Alamos Primer, which was supplied to all incoming scientific staff. The Primer remained classified for decades after the war. Published for the first time in 1992, the Primer offers contemporary readers a better understanding of the origins of nuclear weapons. Serber's preface vividly conveys the mingled excitement, uncertainty, and intensity felt by the Manhattan Project scientists. This edition includes an updated introduction by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Richard Rhodes. A seminal publication on a turning point in human history, The Los Alamos Primer reveals just how much was known and how terrifyingly much was unknown midway through the Manhattan Project. No other seminar anywhere has had greater historical consequences. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Nature at War Thomas Robertson, Richard P. Tucker, Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Peter Mansoor, 2020-04-02 World War II was the largest and most destructive conflict in human history. It was an existential struggle that pitted irreconcilable political systems and ideologies against one another across the globe in a decade of violence unlike any other. There is little doubt today that the United States had to engage in the fighting, especially after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The conflict was, in the words of historians Allan Millett and Williamson Murray, a war to be won. As the world's largest industrial power, the United States put forth a supreme effort to produce the weapons, munitions, and military formations essential to achieving victory. When the war finally ended, the finale signaled by atomic mushroom clouds over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, upwards of 60 million people had perished in the inferno. Of course, the human toll represented only part of the devastation; global environments also suffered greatly. The growth and devastation of the Second World War significantly changed American landscapes as well. The war created or significantly expanded a number of industries, put land to new uses, spurred urbanization, and left a legacy of pollution that would in time create a new term: Superfund site-- |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: A World Destroyed Martin J. Sherwin, 2003 Sikkerhed og våbenmagt ; Manhattan-projektet; Diplomati, 1940'erne; Churchill, Rooservelt, Niels Bohr; Efterkrigstiden; Truman, Sovjetunionen, Den Kolde Krig; Potsdam-konferencen 1945. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Now It Can Be Told Leslie M. Groves, 2009-08-11 General Leslie Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer were the two men chiefly responsible for the building of the first atomic bomb at Los Alamos, code name The Manhattan Project. As the ranking military officer in charge of marshalling men and material for what was to be the most ambitious, expensive engineering feat in history, it was General Groves who hired Oppenheimer (with knowledge of his left-wing past), planned facilities that would extract the necessary enriched uranium, and saw to it that nothing interfered with the accelerated research and swift assembly of the weapon.This is his story of the political, logistical, and personal problems of this enormous undertaking which involved foreign governments, sensitive issues of press censorship, the construction of huge plants at Hanford and Oak Ridge, and a race to build the bomb before the Nazis got wind of it. The role of groves in the Manhattan Project has always been controversial. In his new introduction the noted physicist Edward Teller, who was there at Los Alamos, candidly assesses the general's contributions-and Oppenheimer's-while reflecting on the awesome legacy of their work. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Atoms in the Family Laura Fermi, 2014-10-24 In this absorbing account of life with the great atomic scientist Enrico Fermi, Laura Fermi tells the story of their emigration to the United States in the 1930s—part of the widespread movement of scientists from Europe to the New World that was so important to the development of the first atomic bomb. Combining intellectual biography and social history, Laura Fermi traces her husband's career from his childhood, when he taught himself physics, through his rise in the Italian university system concurrent with the rise of fascism, to his receipt of the Nobel Prize, which offered a perfect opportunity to flee the country without arousing official suspicion, and his odyssey to the United States. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Historic Photos of the Manhattan Project Timothy W. Joseph, 2009 The atomic age began at 5:30 a.m. on July 16, 1945, with the explosion of the Gadget at Trinity near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Prelude to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which forced the capitulation of Japan and ended World War II, the Trinity test was the culmination of herculean efforts by scientists, civilians, and the military of the United States to tap the potential of the atom for a wartime emergency. If Nazi Germany could engineer the bomb first, an Allied victory against Hitler was all but lost. Historic Photos of the Manhattan Project is a look back at the epic struggle to build the world's first atomic bomb. Nearly 200 images in vivid black-and-white reveal the project as it unfolded, from its secretive origins at Oak Ridge, Hanford, and Los Alamos, to the day Americans celebrated triumph over the Axis powers with victory over Japan. A pinnacle moment in the history of the United States, the Manhattan Project's application of Einstein's famous equation E = MC2 shows, perhaps better than any other single endeavor, what can be achieved by human ingenuity when the citizens of a great nation are united in freedom against a fearsome and despotic foe. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Atomic Audit Stephen I. Schwartz, 2011-12-01 Since 1945, the United States has manufactured and deployed more than 70,000 nuclear weapons to deter and if necessary fight a nuclear war. Some observers believe the absence of a third world war confirms that these weapons were a prudent and cost-effective response to the uncertainty and fear surrounding the Soviet Union's military and political ambitions during the cold war. As early as 1950, nuclear weapons were considered relatively inexpensive— providing a bigger bang for a buck—and were thoroughly integrated into U.S. forces on that basis. Yet this assumption was never validated. Indeed, for more than fifty years scant attention has been paid to the enormous costs of this effort—more than $5 trillion thus far—and its short and long-term consequences for the nation. Based on four years of extensive research, Atomic Audit is the first book to document the comprehensive costs of U.S. nuclear weapons, assembling for the first time anywhere the actual and estimated expenditures for the program since its creation in 1940. The authors provide a unique perspective on U.S. nuclear policy and nuclear weapons, tracking their development from the Manhattan Project of World War II to the present day and assessing each aspect of the program, including research, development, testing, and production; deployment; command, control, communications, and intelligence; and defensive measures. They also examine the costs of dismantling nuclear weapons, the management and disposal of large quantities of toxic and radioactive wastes left over from their production, compensation for persons harmed by nuclear weapons activities, nuclear secrecy, and the economic implications of nuclear deterrence. Utilizing archival and newly declassified government documents and data, this richly documented book demonstrates how a variety of factors—the open-ended nature of nuclear deterrence, faulty assumptions about the cost-effectiveness of nuclear weapons, regular misrepresentati |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Manhattan Project Bruce Cameron Reed, 2020-06-02 Though thousands of articles and books have been published on various aspects of the Manhattan Project, this book is the first comprehensive single-volume history prepared by a specialist for curious readers without a scientific background. This project, the United States Army’s program to develop and deploy atomic weapons in World War II, was a pivotal event in human history. The author presents a wide-ranging survey that not only tells the story of how the project was organized and carried out, but also introduces the leading personalities involved and features simplified but accurate descriptions of the underlying science and the engineering challenges. The technical points are illustrated by reader-friendly graphics. . |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Picturing the Bomb Rachel Fermi, Esther Samra, 1995 The compelling photographs from the Manhattan Project, by turns specific, abstract, dramatic, and surreal, offer a multifaceted look at history. Photographs of landscapes and of construction, of scientific experiments and their results, are framed against official portraits and casual snapshots. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age James Hershberg, 2019-07-31 James B. Conant (1893-1978) was one of the titans of mid-20th-century American history, attaining prominence and power in multiple fields. Usually remembered as an educational leader, he was president of Harvard University for two tumultuous decades, from the Depression to World War II to the Cold War and McCarthyism. To take that job he gave up a scientific career as one of the country’s top chemists, and he left it twenty years later to become Eisenhower’s top diplomat in postwar Germany. Hershberg’s prize-winning study, however, examines a critical aspect of Conant’s life that was long obscured by government secrecy: his pivotal role in the birth of the nuclear age. During World War II, as an advisor to Roosevelt and then Truman (on the elite “Interim Committee” that considered how to employ the bomb against Japan), Conant was intimately involved in the decisions to build and use the atomic bomb. During and after the Manhattan Project, he also led efforts to prevent a postwar nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union that, he feared, threatened the survival of civilization — an apocalyptic prospect he glimpsed in the first instant of the new age, when he witnessed the first test of the new weapon at Alamogordo on July 16, 1945. “... a vivid inquiry... a model of historiography; evocative reading...[Conant was] central to atomic policy and progress; the bomb would be as much Conant’s as it was anyone’s in Government. His inner response to that burden responsibility has long been obscured, but it is illumined here.” — Philip Morrison, The New York Times Book Review “In his splendid portrait of Conant, James Hershberg has illuminated the life of a pivotal figure in the making of U.S. nuclear, scientific, educational and foreign policy for almost a half-century. But the book is much more: It is not only an insightful narration of Conant’s life; it is also a brilliant and important account of the making of the nuclear age, a chronicle that contains much that is new... Hershberg’s superb study... is a chronicle of Conant’s moral journey and we are the wiser for his having charted Conant’s path.” — S.S. Schweber, Washington Post Book World “James G. Hershberg ably comes to grips with Conant and his hazardous times... His book is vibrantly written and compelling, and it breaches Conant’s shield of public discretion in masterly fashion, making extensive use of unpublished interviews, diaries, reports, and correspondence pried from private and governmental repositories. It is a huge, ambitious work — a history of the Cold War as Conant encountered it as well as a study of the man.” — Daniel J. Kevles, The New Yorker “... a well-written, comprehensive, nonjudgmental but sensitive biography... Conant was involved in so many and such critical events that students of almost any aspect of our public life over the past half-century will find useful the new material and helpful insights in this book... This fine biography of one of the most important and complicated of America’s twentieth-century leaders immediately establishes James Hershberg as one of America’s outstanding young historians.” — Stephen E. Ambrose,Foreign Affairs “... magnificent... Any reader interested in nuclear weapons, Cold War history or American politics from FDR to JFK will find this biography riveting.” — Priscilla McMillan, Chicago Tribune “... masterful... The prose is clear, the narrative forceful and the author’s judgments are balanced and judicious. This is simply splendid biography... The highest praise one can give for a book of this sort is that the historian has not shrunk from speaking truth to power. This book quietly but insistently does so. It should be read by the public at large as one of the definitive texts on the cold war and the nuclear age... Hershberg’s triumph is that he has prevailed over all the official lies to give us one more layer of the historical truth.” — Kai Bird, The Nation “... riveting... an impressive achievement... honest and comprehensive in its scholarship, the author has shown himself to be a historian of notable achievement and promise.” — McGeorge Bundy, Nature “Hershberg’s outstanding, balanced biography lifts the self-imposed secrecy surrounding a key architect of U.S. Cold War policy and of the nuclear age.” —Publisher’s Weekly “... [an] impressive and substantial achievement. [Hershberg] has used the life of one strategically placed individual to illuminate the most important issues surrounding America’s role and conduct in the nuclear age. His book will be invaluable to scholars assessing the impact and legacy of the group who acquired the epithet ‘wise men’ now that the Cold War has receded.” — Carol S. Gruber, Science “... definitive... a far more textured picture than one finds in Conant’s own guarded and unrevealing autobiography... an important and rewarding book... illuminating... Conant led a remarkable and eventful life in remarkable and eventful times. James Hershberg has explored that life, and those times, in exhaustive and revealing detail.” — Paul Boyer, The New Republic “James G. Hershberg has achieved the impossible. He has written a huge biography of a Harvard president that is fascinating, informative and as valuable a piece of American history as anything I have read in years... Mr. Hershberg has brought us back vividly to an age that seems remote, so long ago, but the questions about nuclear proliferation are the same, even while the answers are still ambiguous. As we watch men struggling with unanticipated post-Cold War problems and civil wars sprouting like Jason’s men at arms, it is good to read this story about a complex man who deserves an important place in our history because he helped make that history possible.” — Arnold Beichman, The Washington Times “... engrossing... A magisterial study of an awesome and intriguing public career.” —Kirkus Reviews “... entertaining... thought-provocative.” — Dick Teresi, The Wall Street Journal “Hershberg’s book helps us more clearly understand the postwar Establishment and offers a challenging appraisal of the role of elites, of universities and of the state.” — Gar Alperovitz, In These Times “Hershberg deserves great credit for cracking a tough New England walnut, analyzing this very important public figure, demonstrating how he fit into his own time and showing us what we can learn from the man.” — Daniel R. Mortensen, The Friday Review of Defense Literature “... a compelling account... an engaging examination of one of the central figures of the nuclear age. It succeeds in showing ‘one man’s intersection with great events and issues’ and in the process illuminates those issues for us all.” — American Historical Review “... well-written... Conant’s participation in one of our country’s most dynamic periods is, thanks to Hershberg, now much better understood.” — Library Journal “A reader of the book will enter the realm of the greats, the shapers of worlds created by the atomic blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki... Conant was no bit player in Cold War history... [the book is] very successful in weaving Conant’s subsurface persona in with his ups and downs as a prominent and committed public figure. And it leaves out little detail in describing top-level decisions involving the Cold War geopolitics of nuclear weaponry. Conant was a participant in most of these decisions—with Presidents Roosevelt and Truman themselves, their Secretaries of War and State, and, of course, all the major scientific figures of the time.” — Chemical & Engineering News “A wonderfully rich portrait that emerges from a carefully documented account of Conant’s role in the development of the atomic bomb and post-war nuclear policy... An extraordinarily well written text... Hershberg lays bare the person behind the persona — warts, dimples and all.” — Stanley Goldberg, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Prompt and Utter Destruction J. Samuel Walker, 2016 |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Making Bombs for Hitler Marsha Forchuk Skrypuch, 2017-02-28 For readers who were enthralled by Alan Gratz's PRISONER B-3087 comes a gripping novel about a lesser-known part of WWII. Lida thought she was safe. Her neighbors wearing the yellow star were all taken away, but Lida is not Jewish. She will be fine, won't she?But she cannot escape the horrors of World War II.Lida's parents are ripped away from her and she is separated from her beloved sister, Larissa. The Nazis take Lida to a brutal work camp, where she and other Ukrainian children are forced into backbreaking labor. Starving and terrified, Lida bonds with her fellow prisoners, but none of them know if they'll live to see tomorrow.When Lida and her friends are assigned to make bombs for the German army, Lida cannot stand the thought of helping the enemy. Then she has an idea. What if she sabotaged the bombs... and the Nazis? Can she do so without getting caught?And if she's freed, will she ever find her sister again?This pulse-pounding novel of survival, courage, and hope shows us a lesser-known piece of history -- and is sure to keep readers captivated until the last page. |
| the manhattan project making the atomic bomb: Atomic Women Roseanne Montillo, 2020-05-19 Bomb meets Code Girls in this nonfiction narrative about the little-known female scientists who were critical to the invention of the atomic bomb during World War II. They were leaning over the edge of the unknown and afraid of what they would discover there—meet the World War II female scientists who worked in the secret sites of the Manhattan Project. Recruited not only from labs and universities from across the United States but also from countries abroad, these scientists helped in—and often initiated—the development of the atomic bomb, taking starring roles in the Manhattan Project. In fact, their involvement was critical to its success, though many of them were not fully aware of the consequences. The atomic women include: Lise Meitner and Irène Joliot-Curie (daughter of Marie Curie), who laid the groundwork for the Manhattan Project from Europe Elizabeth Rona, the foremost expert in plutonium, who gave rise to the Fat Man and Little Boy, the bombs dropped over Japan Leona Woods, Elizabeth Graves, and Joan Hinton, who were inspired by European scientific ideals but carved their own paths This book explores not just the critical steps toward the creation of a successful nuclear bomb, but also the moral implications of such an invention. |
The Manhattan Project - Department of Energy
16 Dec 2016 · atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan to end the Second World War as the top story of the twentieth century. The advent of nuclear weapons, brought about by the Manhattan Project, not only helped bring an end to World War II but ushered in the atomic age and …
The Manhattan Project Making The Atomic Bomb Copy
the Manhattan Project from President Barack Obama hibakusha survivors and the modern day mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The creation of the atomic bomb during World War II …
Building the Bomb: The Army and the Manhattan Project - JSTOR
since the first atomic weapons were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, scholars and citizens alike have been intrigued by questions about their development and use. How were the bombs …
The Physics of the Manhattan Project - content.e-bookshelf.de
The scientific, social, political, and military implications of the development of nuclear weapons under the auspices of the United States Army’s “Manhattan Project” in World War II drove …
The Manhattan Project - Mr. Hurst's website
On July 16, 1945, at TRINITY. SITE near ALAMOGORDO, NEW MEXICO, scientists of the Manhattan Project readied themselves to watch the detonation of the world's first atomic …
Manhattan Project Lesson Plans
During the lesson, students will learn about the events leading up to the development of the atomic bomb and debate whether it was a positive or negative scientific endeavor, taking into …
MANAGEMENT THE MANHATTAN PROJECT (1939 – 1947)
the Manhattan Project took a little less than 3 years to create a working atomic bomb. During that time, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers managed the construction of mon umental plants to …
Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie Groves, the Manhattan Project ...
Manhattan Project remain impressive today. Based on theory and some criti-cal experiments at the University of Chicago in the late 1930s and bolstered by a letter from Albert Einstein to …
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT: THE ATOMIC BOMB AND THE …
In 1942, the U.S. government started the Manhattan project to quickly laboratories capable of producing an atomic weapon before the Nazis, who had been engaged for years in a nuclear …
The End of Manhattan - JSTOR
The End of Manhattan How the Gas Centrifuge Changed the Quest for Nuclear Weapons R. SCOTT KEMP Introduction The first nuclear weapons were born from technologies of …
Grand Junction and the Manhattan Project, #70127 (2012)
The Manhattan Project was the code name of the project to develop an atomic bomb during World War II, and under the direction of the Army's Manhattan Engineer District (MED). After making …
The Making of the Manhattan Project Park - Federation of …
The making of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park took more than five times as long as the making of the atomic bomb itself (1942 to 1945). Fifteen years after the first efforts to …
UimBA’mmml - Department of Energy
“The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb” is a short history of the origins and develop-ment of the American atomic bomb program during World War H. Beginning with the scientific …
Proceeding in the Dark. Innovation, project management and the …
The second reason is that the making of the Atomic Bomb represent unquestionably a major breakthrough in the history of technology. It exemplifies the power of “Big Science” i.e. the …
Making (Common) Sense of the - JSTOR
American Manhattan Project developed a discourse of the atomic bomb. They invented both a bomb and an intellectual, institutional, and attitudinal framework that conditioned the way they …
The DuPont Company The Forgotten Producers of Plutonium
The Manhattan Project was not only a matter of cutting-edge research in nuclear physics. It posed a [new] set of technical problems. It was an industrial program, and the necessary know-how …
The Role of Congress in the Strategic Posture of the
the Uranium Committee evolved to become the Manhattan Project, the program to build an atomic bomb, and the “culture of secrecy” expanded dramatically from a few dozen scientists to …
J. Edgar Hoover and The Manhattan Project - JSTOR
The “Manhattan Project” (the post-war vernacular for the “Manhattan Engineer District”—MED), was a top-secret wartime program, the largest ever undertaken by the federal government, to …
The Manhattan Project, the Apollo Program, and Federal Energy ...
The Manhattan project, which produced the atomic bomb, and the Apollo program, which landed American men on the moon, have been cited as examples of the success such R&D …
The Japanese Bomb Projects and the Surrender Decision
Japanese Atomic Bomb Projects Unlike the American Manhattan Project, which was initiated by civilian scientists and then supported by the military, the Japanese atomic pro grams were …
Manhattan Project Lesson Plans
Manhattan Project Lesson Plans Module 1: The Birth of the Atomic Bomb •Basic Science of the Bomb •The Race for the Bomb: Scientific Discoveries •Lise Meitner: Refugee Scientists ... development of the atomic bomb brought in a weapon with unprecedented destructive force. It also incited a desire in other nations--especially the Soviet
The Prometheus Bomb: The Manhattan Project and Government …
The Prometheus Bomb: The Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark by Neil J. Sullivan. Lincoln, NE, Potomac Books, 2016. 296 pp. $29.95. The Manhattan Project, America’s herculean effort to build an atomic bomb, has been the subject of much scholarship, most of which has focused on its international dimensions. In The Prometheus Bomb:
The Soviet Atomic Project : How the Soviet Union Obtained the Atomic ...
Much has been written about the huge scope of the Manhattan project, its construction of laboratories in many separate places, the problems encountered and solved, the outflow of large amounts of money, and the ... 3 Richard Rhodes, “The Making of the Atomic Bomb,” 25th Anniversary edition, Simon and Schuster paperbacks, NY 2012. See also ...
Making Of The Atomic Bomb By Richard Rhodes
This combination of journalistic rigor and scientific understanding distinguishes his work from other accounts of the Manhattan Project. His Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, firmly established his reputation as a master ... Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes make it a crucial text for understanding the 20th ...
The July 1945 Szilard Petition on the Atomic Bomb Memoir by a …
Szilard was primarily responsible for initiating the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project in that he persuaded Einstein to write President Roosevelt in 1939 about the urgency of developing atomic power for domestic and military purposes. This influential letter was in fact drafted by Szilard. In 1944 or early 1945, scientists at the Clinton ...
Legacy of a Bomb: The Manhattan Projectâ s Impact on the …
project that demonstrates well the complex relationship between war and science: the Manhattan Project. This oper-ation ended the Second World War but also contributed to the making of the Cold War. It ushered in a new age and raised many misgivings and fear as well. As will be demonstrated, how-ever, the Manhattan Project’s legacy does
LESSON PLAN: Atomic bombs - ww2classroom.org
Atomic bombs INTRODUCTION Shortly after the first successful atomic bomb test in July 1945, President Harry S. Truman wrote in his diary that “this atomic bomb . . . seems to be the most terrible thing ever discovered, but it can be made the most useful.” The president’s conflicted feelings about the bomb captured the divergent poles in a
(Image: The National WWII Museum, 2018.233.520 1.) COVERT …
students briefly outline in a full-class discussion the key points they understand about the Manhattan Project, the primary project sites, and the kind of work people who participated in the Manhattan Project did. 2. Break the class up into small groups and give them copies of quotes from two different Manhattan Project workers and copies
Einstein’s Letter - HISTORY
Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of Making the Atomic Bomb. Backinprint.com, 2000. Lanouette, William. Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. University of ...
Why They Called It the Manhattan Project - Columbia University
holds true for the Manhattan Project, in which thousands of experts gathered in the mountains of New Mexico to make the world’s first atom bomb. Robert S. Norris, a historian of the atomic age, wants to shatter that myth. In “The Manhattan Project” (Black Dog & Leventhal), published last month, Dr. Norris writes about the Manhattan
ATOMIC HERITAGE FOUNDATION - ahf.nuclearmuseum.org
Remembering the Manhattan Project: Perspectives on the Making of the Atomic Bomb and its Legacy. Race for Atomic Power:The Remarkable History of the National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho Falls, Idaho. The Manhattan Project:The Birth of the Atomic Bomb in the Words of its Creators, Eyewitnesses, and Historians. Annual Report 2007
The Physics of the Manhattan Project - Springer
the Manhattan Project and how the Project itself was organized (Fig. 1). Excellent background sources are Richard Rhodes’ The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986) and F. G. Gosling’s The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (1999); I also humbly recommend my own The History and Science of the Manhattan
The Japanese Bomb Projects and the Surrender Decision
Japanese Atomic Bomb Projects Unlike the American Manhattan Project, which was initiated by civilian scientists and then supported by the military, the Japanese atomic pro grams were started by military officers who then sought out the exper tise of scientists.5 The Japanese military actually conducted three entirely
The Manhattan Project and the Atomic Bomb
II that developed and built these first atomic bombs. • Detonation of these first nuclear bombs signaled arrival of a frightening new Atomic Age. The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the codename for the secret US government research and engineering project during the Second World War that developed the world’s first nuclear weapons.
The Scientists, the Statesmen, and the Bomb - Bismarck Analysis
Manhattan Project scientists protest corporate authority 19 Manhattan Project scientists protest militarization 20 Decision-making about what do with the bomb in 1945 20 The Acheson-Lilienthal Report and the United NationsAtomic Energy Commission 20 Oppenheimer resists working on bombs after the war 21 Appendix 22
Final Project: Scientific Networks and the Bomb - MIT …
The Manhattan Project was the United States led effort to develop the atomic bomb during World War II. Started in 1939, the project would eventually employ more than 130,000 people across more than 30 sites at a cost of $2.2 billion dollars.2 The success of the Manhattan Project,
Debating the Decision of the Atomic Bomb - msstatetps.org
- In 1939, Einstein told FDR that the Axis powers may be working on a nuclear bomb. FDR decided to start a project – the Manhattan Project – for the U.S. to begin researching about and creating an own atomic bomb. - The teacher will show the students a primary source picture of a bombing that took place in Osaka (not atomic bombs).
The Physics of the Manhattan Project - Reed, ReadingSample
The Physics of the Manhattan Project von Bruce Cameron Reed 1. Auflage The Physics of the Manhattan Project – Reed schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet: www.beck.de ISBN 978 3 642 14708 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Physics of the Manhattan ...
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT - The National WWII Museum
The lasting legacy of the Manhattan Project is the two-sided: the benefits of nu-clear energy and nuclear medicine versus the destructive power of nuclear weap-onry. After the end of WWII, former Manhattan Project scientists founded the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago, a non-profit organization dedicated to educating
The Manhattan Project - University of Oklahoma
The Manhattan Project World War II Era Susan McHale, Frank Van Gilder ... about the Manhattan Project — the project that developed the atomic bomb in secrecy at Los Alamos, NM. ... proliferation of nuclear warheads before making a treaty. The treaty should answer the essential question:"Is the use (and stockpile) of nuclear weapons necessary ...
The Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb Volume II: Building the Nuclear Arsenal: Cold War Nuclear Weapons Development and Production, 1946-1989 (in progress) ... atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan to end the Second World War as the top story of the twentieth century. The advent of nuclear weapons, brought about by the Manhattan ...
Episode 12, Manhattan Project Letter, New York City - PBS
14 May 2011 · They designed one of the crucial systems for making an atomic bomb, the gaseous diffusion process. It was one of the methods the wartime project used to separate the rare isotope U-235 from the ...
THE SPY WHO STOLE THE URCHIN: George Koval’s Infiltration of the Manhattan
America’s effort to build the atomic bomb was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the twentieth century. From 1944 until 1946, George Koval infiltrated Manhattan Project sites in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Dayton, Ohio and stole invaluable information about the manufacture of the atomic bomb. He passed that information along
Marshall and the Atomic Bomb - Federation of American Scientists
Marshall and the Atomic Bomb By Frank Settle General George C. Marshall and the Atomic Bomb (Praeger, 2016) provides the first full narrative describing General Marshall’s crucial role in the first decade of nuclear weapons that included the Manhattan Project, the use of the atomic bomb on Japan, and their management during the early
Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie Groves, the Manhattan Project ...
Manhattan Project, Norris does a thor-ough job of integrating into the story his formative years, family, Army career prior to the project, and postwar role in establishing a national policy for atomic weapons. The sheer audacity and scope of the Manhattan Project remain impressive today. Based on theory and some criti-cal experiments at the ...
Patenting the Bomb - alexwellerstein.com
that the utilization of patents was an ad hoc attempt at legal control of the atomic bomb by Manhattan Project administrators, focused on the monopolistic aspects of the patent ... (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1962); Ste´phane Groueff, Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967); ...
The Manhattan Project at Oak Ridge: Photographs of Ed …
WWII, Manhattan Project, Ed Westcott, historical photographs, atomic bomb. 1. Introduction . The photographs of Ed Westcott during the WWII era are in the public domain and are a valuable educational resource for schools and other organizations to use for instruction on the Manhattan Project and the history of the development
with Questions (DBQs) “THE DECISION TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB…
“THE DECISION TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB” (FEBRUARY 1947) By Henry Lewis Stimson Introduction The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) remains among the most controversial events in modern history. Historians have actively debated whether the bombings were
The Manhattan Project - Mr. Hurst's website
By the summer of 1945, Oppenheimer was ready to test the first bomb. On July 16, 1945, at TRINITY SITE near ALAMOGORDO, NEW MEXICO, scientists of the Manhattan Project readied themselves to watch the detonation of the world's first atomic bomb. The device was affixed to a 100-foot tower and discharged just before dawn.
Making Of The Atomic Bomb Richard Rhodes
Making Of The Atomic Bomb Richard Rhodes Scott C. Dulebohn Making of the Atomic Bomb: Richard Rhodes' Masterpiece ... Manhattan Project, highlighting their individual motivations, ambitions, and moral dilemmas. The book traces the scientific journey from the early discoveries in nuclear physics to the culmination of the project at Los
The Making Of The Atomic Bomb - Brian Van DeMark (book) …
The Making of the Atomic Bomb Richard Rhodes,2012-09-18 **Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, ... discovery of nuclear energy to J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project—this epic work details the science, the people, and the sociopolitical realities that led to the development of the atomic bomb. ...
The Soviet Decision to Build the Atomic Bomb, 1939-45
small atomic bomb project; the third decision was that of August 1945. This paper follows the Soviet atomic energy project as it moves from the scientific community to become a major element in the policy of the Soviet state. The decision to build that atomic bomb was a profoundly political decision, based on a definite con-
The Role of Congress in the Strategic Posture of the
Atomic Scientists, “Congress was not informed” of the Manhattan Project. 2. Even Richard Rhodes’ otherwise excellent book on the Manhattan Project, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, considered by some scholars to be a definitive and exhaustive history, barely mentions the role of Congress in the Project. 3
The Manhattan Project - Department of Energy
The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb Volume II: Building the Nuclear Arsenal: Cold War Nuclear Weapons Development and Production, 1946-1989 (in progress) ... atomic bomb and the surrender of Japan to end the Second World War as the top story of the twentieth century. The advent of nuclear weapons, brought about by the Manhattan ...
MANAGEMENT THE MANHATTAN PROJECT (1939 – 1947)
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT (1939 – 1947) From its beginning in 1939 with Enrico Fermi's graphite-pile reactor under the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago to the fiery explosion of the first atomic bomb near Alamogordo, New Mexico, the Manhattan Project took a little less than 3 years to create a working atomic bomb.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB IN THE USSR …
The Development of the First Atomic Bomb in the USSR 353 community of those years. The crucial question is whether the highest leadership was made to understand the message, and whether a full scale project comparable to the Manhattan Project was launched. During the war - or, to put things precisely, until the spring of 1945 -
Open Secrecy and Social Capital in Technological - EGOS
conduct an inductive study of the making of the atomic bomb. The Manhattan Project constitutes an unconventional context, picked intentionally to reveal insights about a phenomenon (secretive innovation) that is likely to be more deeply manifest, and hence more clearly visible, in this case than in other, more generalized settings (Pettigrew, 1990;
Introduction - bradscholars.brad.ac.uk
The reason this topic was chosen is that the British role in the making of the atomic bomb has been undervalued in the literature. The science involved in making the bomb has also received ... He became director of the Manhattan Project in September 1942, overseeing all parts of the work and continued to lead the atomic establishment created in ...
Bruce Cameron Reed The Physics of the Manhattan Project
(1986) and F. G. Gosling’s The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (1999); I also humbly recommend my own semi-popular The History and Science of the Manhattan Project (2014), which fills in much more of the background scientific discoveries and history of Project administration than are covered in the present book.
Resource Letter MP-1: The Manhattan Project and related …
4. Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of theAtomic Bomb, S. Groueff Little, Brown, Boston, 1967 . This work was one of the first extensive popular histories of the Manhattan Project from fall 1942 to the Trinity test. E 5. The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb, A. C. Brown and C. B. MacDonald Delta, New York, 1977 . Drawn from ...
History Of The Atomic Bomb [PDF] - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
The Making of the Atomic Bomb Richard Rhodes,2012-09-18 Winner of the Pulitzer Prize the National Book Award ... of nuclear energy to J Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project this epic work details the science the people and the
The Making Of The Atomic Bomb (PDF) - gestao.formosa.go.gov.br
uimbammml - osti “The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb” is a short history of the origins and develop-ment of the American atomic bomb program during World War H. Beginning with the scientific develop-ments of the pre-waryears, the monograph details the
The End of Manhattan - JSTOR
1. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), AEC Handbook on Oak Ridge. 2. Harry S. Truman, Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima"; Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb ; Lillian Hodde-son, Paul W. Henriksen, Roger A. Meade, and Catherine L. Westfall, Critical Assembly ;
The Taming of Plutonium: Plutonium Metallurgy and the Manhattan Project
Technical Paper The Taming of Plutonium: Plutonium Metallurgy and the Manhattan Project Joseph C. Martz, a* Franz J. Freibert, b and David L. Clark b aLos Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology (MST), MS G774, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 bLos Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Education Center (NSEC), Los …
Background Essay on Decision to drop the Atomic Bomb - Harry …
Upon becoming president, Harry Truman learned of the Manhattan Project, a secret scientific effort to create an atomic bomb. After a successful test of the weapon, Truman issued the Potsdam Declaration demanding the unconditional surrender of the Japanese government, warning of “prompt and utter destruction.”
Select Resources on the Manhattan Project and the …
Manhattan Project and the Development of the Atomic Bomb Title: A guide to Manhattan Project : official history and documents/ edited by Paul Kesaris. Imprint: Washington : University Publications of America, 1977. ... Subject: Atomic bomb -- United States -- History -- Sources. OCLC#: 11928903 Call #: MF-10655
Dividing the Indivisible: The Fissured Story of the Manhattan Project
Story of the Manhattan Project 9 the bomb but also their own instrumentality as its creators. In these differences, the role of nationalism plays at least an oblique role in the larger problem of academic participation in matters of politics and policy. …
Organizing the Manhattan Project, 1939–1943 - Springer
responsibility for the atomic bomb project had been transferred to the “Manhattan Engineer District” of the United States Army Corps of Engineers under the com-mand of Brigadier-General Leslie R. Groves, a supremely competent and well-experienced administrator of …
