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| the destruction of european jews: The Destruction of the European Jews Raul Hilberg, 2003-01-01 Examines the history of persecution against European Jews, discusses the definition of a Jew according to the German regime, and describes the processes through which Jews were eliminated during the Holocaust years. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Destruction of the European Jews Raul Hilberg, 2019-06-20 2019 Reprint of 1961 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition software. Reprint of the First Edition published in 1961. The Destruction of the European Jews is widely considered the landmark study of the Holocaust. First published in 1961, Raul Hilberg's comprehensive account of how Germany annihilated the Jewish community of Europe spurred discussion, galvanized further research, and shaped the entire field of Holocaust studies. Spanning the twelve-year period of anti-Jewish actions from 1933 to 1945, Hilberg's study encompasses Germany and all the territories under German rule or influence. Its principal focus is on the large number of perpetrators―civil servants, military personnel, Nazi party functionaries, SS men, and representatives of private enterprises―in the machinery of death. Contents: Dismissals -- Aryanizations -- Property taxes -- Blocked money -- Forced labor and wage regulations -- Income taxes -- Starvation measures -- The reich-protektorat area -- Ghetto formation -- Confiscations -- Labor exploitation -- Food controls -- preparations -- The first sweep -- The killing of the prisoners of war -- The intermediary stage -- The second sweep -- The reich-protektorat area -- Poland -- The semicircular arc -- Origins of the killing centers -- Organization, personnel, and maintenance -- Labor utilization -- Medical experiments -- Confiscations -- Killing operations -- Liquidation of the killing centers and the end of the destruction process. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Extermination of the European Jews Christian Gerlach, 2016-03-17 A major new interpretation of the Holocaust, contextualizing the destruction of the Jews within Nazi violence against other groups. |
| the destruction of european jews: Nazi Ideology and the Holocaust , 2007 A popularly written and illustrated history of the Holocaust. Deals with all of the victims of the Nazis' genocidal campaign: communists, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, Poles and other Slavs, and Soviet POWs, as well as the racial enemies - Afro-Germans, the mentally and physically disabled, Gypsies, and Jews. Jews were regarded by the Nazis as the foremost racial enemy. Pp. 110-156, The Holocaust, deal specifically with the destruction of the Jews - from the first Nazi anti-Jewish measures in Germany, through the Kristallnacht pogrom and murders of Jews in Poland and the USSR, to the total mass murder in the death camps. |
| the destruction of european jews: Empire of Destruction Alex J. Kay, 2021-09-28 The first comparative, comprehensive history of Nazi mass killing – showing how genocidal policies were crucial to the regime’s strategy to win the war Nazi Germany killed approximately 13 million civilians and other non-combatants in deliberate policies of mass murder, mostly during the war years. Almost half the victims were Jewish, systematically destroyed in the Holocaust, the core of the Nazis’ pan-European racial purification programme. Alex Kay argues that the genocide of European Jewry can be examined in the wider context of Nazi mass killing. For the first time, Empire of Destruction considers Europe’s Jews alongside all the other major victim groups: captive Red Army soldiers, the Soviet urban population, unarmed civilian victims of preventive terror and reprisals, the mentally and physically disabled, the European Roma and the Polish intelligentsia. Kay shows how each of these groups was regarded by the Nazi regime as a potential threat to Germany’s ability to successfully wage a war for hegemony in Europe. Combining the full quantitative scale of the killings with the individual horror, this is a vital and groundbreaking work. |
| the destruction of european jews: On the Edge of Destruction Celia Stopnicka Heller, 1994 The Holocaust virtually destroyed the Jews of Poland, once a community of more than three million, constituting ten percent of the population, and the oldest continuous Jewish community in a European country. On the Edge of Destruction looks at the rich and complex nature of that community and the tremendous pressures under which it lived before the tragic end. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Holocaust Nora Levin, 2001 |
| the destruction of european jews: Our Courage – Jews in Europe 1945–48 Kata Bohus, Atina Grossmann, Werner Hanak, Mirjam Wenzel, 2020-09-23 After the Shoah, Jewish survivors actively took control of their destiny. Despite catastrophic and hostile circumstances, they built networks and communities, fought for justice, and documented Nazi crimes. The essays, illustrations, and portraits of people and places contained in this volume are informed by a pan-European perspective. The book accompanies the first special exhibition at the re-opened Jewish Museum in Frankfurt. German edition |
| the destruction of european jews: The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 Lucy S. Dawidowicz, 2010-11-09 A history of how anti-Semitism evolved into the Holocaust in Germany: “If any book can tell what Hitlerism was like, this is it” (Alfred Kazin). Lucy Dawidowicz’s groundbreaking The War Against the Jews inspired waves of both acclaim and controversy upon its release in 1975. Dawidowicz argues that genocide was, to the Nazis, as central a war goal as conquering Europe, and was made possible by a combination of political, social, and technological factors. She explores the full history of Hitler’s “Final Solution,” from the rise of anti-Semitism to the creation of Jewish ghettos to the brutal tactics of mass murder employed by the Nazis. Written with devastating detail, The War Against the Jews is the definitive and comprehensive book on one of history’s darkest chapters. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Destruction of the European Jews , 2003 |
| the destruction of european jews: Europe Against the Jews, 1880–1945 Götz Aly, 2020-04-07 From the award-winning historian of the Holocaust, the first book to move beyond Germany’s singular crime to the collaboration of Europe as a whole. The Holocaust was perpetrated by the Germans, but it would not have been possible without the assistance of thousands of helpers in other countries: state officials, police, and civilians who eagerly supported the genocide. If we are to fully understand how and why the Holocaust happened, Götz Aly argues in this groundbreaking study, we must examine its prehistory throughout Europe. We must look at countries as far-flung as Romania and France, Russia and Greece, where, decades before the Nazis came to power, a deadly combination of envy, competition, nationalism, and social upheaval fueled a surge of anti-Semitism, creating the preconditions for the deportations and murder to come. In the late nineteenth century, new opportunities for education and social advancement were opening up, and Jewish minorities took particular advantage of them, leading to widespread resentment. At the same time, newly created nation-states, especially in the east, were striving for ethnic homogeneity and national renewal, goals which they saw as inextricably linked. Drawing upon a wide range of previously unpublished sources, Aly traces the sequence of events that made persecution of Jews an increasingly acceptable European practice. Ultimately, the German architects of genocide found support for the Final Solution in nearly all the countries they occupied or were allied with. Without diminishing the guilt of German perpetrators, Aly documents the involvement of all of Europe in the destruction of the Jews, once again deepening our understanding of this most tormented history. Praise for Europe Against the Jews 1880-1945 “A masterpiece.” —Die Zeit “If HBO’s The Plot Against America makes you want to know the grim real-life context, read German historian Götz Aly’s new book, Europe Against the Jews.” —New YorkMagazine “A major work on anti-Semitism of incredible research and singular scholarship. . . . Aly delivers again, this time expanding his lens outside of Germany to offer further revelations about the Holocaust.” —Kirkus Reviews |
| the destruction of european jews: In the Lion's Den Nechama Tec, 1990 A moving biography of Oswald Rufeisen, a Jew who passed as a Christian in occupied Poland, worked as a translator for the German police, and risked his life to save hundreds from the Nazis. Denounced, he escaped and found shelter in a convent, where he became a Catholic and later a priest and monk. |
| the destruction of european jews: Perpetrators Victims Bystanders Raul Hilberg, 1993-09-15 The man the New York Times has called the preeminent scholar of the Holocaust tells the stories of those who caused, experienced, and witnessed the great human catastrophe. |
| the destruction of european jews: German Railroads, Jewish Souls Raul Hilberg, Christopher Browning, Peter Hayes, 2019-11-04 A rich and accessible introduction to the role of the German railway system in the Holocaust, a topic that remains understudied even today. Renowned Holocaust scholar Raul Hilberg considered the German railway system that delivered European Jews to ghettos and death camps in Eastern Europe to be not only an essential component of the “machinery of destruction” but also emblematic of the amoral bureaucracy that helped to implement the Jewish genocide. German Railroads, Jewish Souls centers around Hilberg’s seminal essay of the same name, a landmark study of German railways in the Nazi era long unavailable in English. Supplemented with additional writings from Hilberg, primary source materials, and historical commentary from leading scholars Christopher Browning and Peter Hayes. “This important book unites three prominent scholars tackling crucial questions about German railways and the Holocaust. Two essays from the late, renowned Raul Hilberg investigate their overlooked role in the extermination of the European Jews. They provide groundbreaking investigations into the German railway as the prototype of a bureaucracy and challenge its supposed banality. While Christopher Browning eloquently situates Hilberg’s essays within the historical literature, Peter Hayes makes a detailed critique of the common but false belief that the deportation and annihilation of the Jews were more of a priority for the Nazis than the war effort. This question, arising from Hilberg’s essays, demonstrates the continued significance of his work today.”—Wolf Gruner, author, The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses Published in Association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Destruction of the European Jews Raul Hilberg, 1979 |
| the destruction of european jews: Architects of Annihilation Götz Aly, Susanne Heim, 2002 Ultimately this would lead to the sinister 'adjusting' of the ratio between what were perceived as 'productive' and 'unproductive' population groups.. |
| the destruction of european jews: Final Solution David Cesarani, 2016-11-08 David Cesarani’s Final Solution is a magisterial work of history that chronicles the fate of Europe’s Jews. Based on decades of scholarship, documentation newly available from the opening of Soviet archives, declassification of Western intelligence service records, as well as diaries and reports written in the camps, Cesarani provides a sweeping reappraisal that challenges accepted explanations for the anti-Jewish politics of Nazi Germany and the inevitability of the “final solution.” The persecution of the Jews, as Cesarani sees it, was not always the Nazis’ central preoccupation, nor was it inevitable. He shows how, in German-occupied countries, it unfolded erratically, often due to local initiatives. For Cesarani, war was critical to the Jewish fate. Military failure denied the Germans opportunities to expel Jews into a distant territory and created a crisis of resources that led to the starvation of the ghettos and intensified anti-Jewish measures. Looking at the historical record, he disputes the iconic role of railways and deportation trains. From prisoner diaries, he exposes the extent of sexual violence and abuse of Jewish women and follows the journey of some Jewish prisoners to displaced persons camps. David Cesarani’s Final Solution is the new standard chronicle of the fate of a heroic people caught in the hell that was Hitler’s Germany. |
| the destruction of european jews: A People Apart David Vital, 2001-07-26 This history of the Jews in Europe examines the role played by the Jews themselves, across the whole of Europe, during the century and a half leading up to the birth of the nation of Israel, and the state-sponsored genocide of the Holocaust. |
| the destruction of european jews: Exile and Destruction Gertrude Schneider, 1995-03-24 When Hitler marched into Austria in March 1938, the country's Jewish population numbered nearly 200,000. Those Jews who were able to find refuge in neutral countries were safe; those who fled to countries subsequently overrun by the Nazis were eventually hunted down. Between 1938 and 1945, more than 50,000 Austrian Jews were deported; no more than 2,000 returned. The estimate of Jews caught by the Nazis in neighboring countries is 17,000. Therefore, more than one-third of Austria's Jewish population were killed during this period. After extensive research of the records at the various documentation centers and using primary as well as secondary sources, Schneider relates how Jews lived in Austria until either flight or deportation; she follows the transports to their destination and, using the fate of family and friends as examples, describes the experiences in the camps, as well as the homecoming of the survivors. In the process, Schneider provides the most detailed account available on the fate of exiles and victims from Austria. She concludes with a complete list of all camp survivors. A gripping historical record for all students of the Holocaust and modern European history. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Years of Extermination Saul Friedländer, 2009-10-06 Establishes itself as the standard historical work on Nazi Germany’s mass murder of Europe’s Jews. . . . An account of unparalleled vividness and power that reads like a novel. . . . A masterpiece that will endure. — New York Times Book Review The Years of Extermination, the completion of Saul Friedländer's major historical opus on Nazi Germany and the Jews, explores the convergence of the various aspects of the Holocaust, the most systematic and sustained of modern genocides. The enactment of the German extermination policies that resulted in the murder of six million European Jews depended upon many factors, including the cooperation of local authorities and police departments, and the passivity of the populations, primarily of their political and spiritual elites. Necessary also was the victims' willingness to submit, often with the hope of surviving long enough to escape the German vise. In this unparalleled work—based on a vast array of documents and an overwhelming choir of voices from diaries, letters, and memoirs—the history of the Holocaust has found its definitive representation. |
| the destruction of european jews: Documents on the Holocaust Yits?a? Arad, Yisrael Gutman, Abraham Margaliot, 1999-01-01 These 213 documents on the theory, planning, and execution of, and reaction and resistance to, the Nazi plan to exterminate European Jews date from the 1920s through the closing days of World War II and focus on the experience of eastern Europe. The crystallization of the principles of Nazi anti-Semitism, the policies of the Third Reich toward the Jews, the period of segregation and enclosed ghettos, and the stages through which the 'final solution' were implemented are some of the topics covered. Other documents shed light on Jewish public activities and the organization of the Underground and Jewish self-defense. Many of the documents of Jewish origin were not published previously. This comprehensive collection is essential for understanding the history of the Holocaust. Yitzhak Arad has written numerous books, including The Pictorial History of the Holocaust. Israel Gutman is a coeditor of Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Abraham Margaliot taught at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Introducer Steven T. Katz is a professor of religion and the director of the Center for Judaic Studies at Boston University. |
| the destruction of european jews: European Mennonites and the Holocaust Mark Jantzen, John D. Thiesen, 2021-01-26 European Mennonites and the Holocaust is one of the first books to examine Mennonite involvement in the Holocaust, sometimes as rescuers but more often as killers, accomplices, beneficiaries, and bystanders. |
| the destruction of european jews: Jewish Masculinity in the Holocaust Maddy Carey, 2017-10-05 This book explores, for the first time, the impact of the Holocaust on the gender identities of Jewish men. Drawing on historical and sociological arguments, it specifically looks at the experiences of men in France, Holland, Belgium, and Poland. Jewish Masculinity in the Holocaust starts by examining the gendered environment and ideas of Jewish masculinity during the interwar period and in the run-up to the Holocaust. The volume then goes on to explore the effect of Nazi persecution on various elements of male gender identity, analysing a wide range of sources including diaries and journals written at the time, underground ghetto newspapers and numerous memoirs written in the intervening years by survivors. Taken together, these sources show that Jewish masculinities were severely damaged in the initial phases of persecution, particularly because men were unable to perform the gendered roles they expected of themselves. More controversially, however, Maddy Carey also shows that the escalation of the persecution and later enclosure – whether through ghettoisation or hiding – offered men the opportunity to reassert their masculine identities. Finally, the book discusses the impact of the Holocaust on the practice of fatherhood and considers its effect on the transmission of masculinity. This important study breaks new ground in its coverage of gender and masculinities and is an important text for anyone studying the history of the Holocaust. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Destruction of the European Jews: Deportations Raul Hilberg, 1985 Appendix A: German ranks. Appendix B: Statistics of Jewish dead. Appendix C: Notation on sources. Index: pp. 1233-1274. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Holocaust Martin Gilbert, 2014-06-05 The renowned historian weaves a definitive account of the Holocaust—from Hitler’s rise to power to the final defeat of the Nazis in 1945. Rich with eyewitness accounts, incisive interviews, and first-hand source materials—including documentation from the Eichmann and Nuremberg war crime trials—this sweeping narrative begins with an in-depth historical analysis of the origins of anti-Semitism in Europe, and tracks the systematic brutality of Hitler’s “Final Solution” in unflinching detail. It brings to light new source materials documenting Mengele’s diabolical concentration camp experiments and documents the activities of Himmler, Eichmann, and other Nazi leaders. It also demonstrates comprehensive evidence of Jewish resistance and the heroic efforts of Gentiles to aid and shelter Jews and others targeted for extermination, even at the risk of their own lives. Combining survivor testimonies, deft historical analysis, and painstaking research, The Holocaust is without doubt a masterwork of World War II history. “A fascinating work that overwhelms us with its truth . . . This book must be read and reread.” —Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prizing–winning author of Night |
| the destruction of european jews: Hunt for the Jews Jan Grabowski, 2013-10-09 A revealing account of Polish cooperation with Nazis in WWII—a “grim, compelling [and] significant scholarly study” (Kirkus Reviews). Between 1942 and 1943, thousands of Jews escaped the fate of German death camps in Poland. As they sought refuge in the Polish countryside, the Nazi death machine organized what they called Judenjagd, meaning hunt for the Jews. As a result of the Judenjagd, few of those who escaped the death camps would survive to see liberation. As Jan Grabowski’s penetrating microhistory reveals, the majority of the Jews in hiding perished as a consequence of betrayal by their Polish neighbors. Hunt for the Jews tells the story of the Judenjagd in Dabrowa, Tarnowska, a rural county in southeastern Poland. Drawing on materials from Polish, Jewish, and German sources created during and after the war, Grabowski documents the involvement of the local Polish population in the process of detecting and killing the Jews who sought their aid. Through detailed reconstruction of events, “Grabowski offers incredible insight into how Poles in rural Poland reacted to and, not infrequently, were complicit with, the German practice of genocide. Grabowski also, implicitly, challenges us to confront our own myths and to rethink how we narrate British (and American) history of responding to the Holocaust” (European History Quarterly). |
| the destruction of european jews: The Great Jewish Cities of Central and Eastern Europe Eli Valley, 1999 The Great Jewish Cities of Central and Eastern Europe: A Travel Guide and Resource Book to Prague, Warsaw, Cracow, and Budapest is the most comprehensive guidebook covering all aspects of Jewish history and contemporary life in Prague, Warsaw, Cracow, and Budapest. This remarkable book includes detailed histories of the Jews in these cities, walking tours of Jewish districts past and present, intensive descriptions of Jewish sites, fascinating accounts of local Jewish legend and lore, and practical information for Jewish travelers to the region. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Holocaust Laurence Rees, 2017-04-18 n June 1944, Freda Wineman and her family arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the infamous Nazi concentration and death camp. After a cursory look from an SS doctor, Freda's life was spared and her mother was sent to the gas chambers. Freda only survived because the Allies won the war -- the Nazis ultimately wanted every Jew to die. Her mother was one of millions who lost their lives because of a racist regime that believed that some human beings simply did not deserve to live -- not because of what they had done, but because of who they were. Laurence Rees has spent twenty-five years meeting the survivors and perpetrators of the Third Reich and the Holocaust. In this sweeping history, he combines this testimony with the latest academic research to investigate how history's greatest crime was possible. Rees argues that while hatred of the Jews was at the epicenter of Nazi thinking, we cannot fully understand the Holocaust without considering Nazi plans to kill millions of non-Jews as well. He also reveals that there was no single overarching blueprint for the Holocaust. Instead, a series of escalations compounded into the horror. Though Hitler was most responsible for what happened, the blame is widespread, Rees reminds us, and the effects are enduring. The Holocaust: A New History is an accessible yet authoritative account of this terrible crime. A chronological, intensely readable narrative, this is a compelling exposition of humanity's darkest moment. |
| the destruction of european jews: Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust John-Paul Himka, 2021-09-21 One quarter of all Holocaust victims lived on the territory that now forms Ukraine, yet the Holocaust there has not received due attention. This book delineates the participation of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and its armed force, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska povstanska armiia—UPA), in the destruction of the Jewish population of Ukraine under German occupation in 1941–44. The extent of OUN and UPA’s culpability in the Holocaust has been a controversial issue in Ukraine and within the Ukrainian diaspora as well as in Jewish communities and Israel. Occasionally, the controversy has broken into the press of North America, the EU, and Israel. Triangulating sources from Jewish survivors, Soviet investigations, German documentation, documents produced by OUN itself, and memoirs of OUN activists, it has been possible to establish that: OUN militias were key actors in the anti-Jewish violence of summer 1941; OUN recruited for and infiltrated police formations that provided indispensable manpower for the Germans' mobile killing units; and in 1943, thousands of these policemen deserted from German service to join the OUN-led nationalist insurgency, during which UPA killed Jews who had managed to survive the major liquidations of 1942. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Holocaust Leni Yahil, 1990 Covers the anti-semitic activities of the Nazis all over the globe, refuting common myths about the Holocaust, including the perception that Jews went peacefully to their deaths. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Destruction of the European Jews Raul Hilberg, 2003 |
| the destruction of european jews: Documents of Destruction Raul Hilberg, 1972 |
| the destruction of european jews: The Anatomy of the Holocaust Raul Hilberg, Walter H. Pehle, René Schlott, 2019-11-07 A multifaceted look at historian Raul Hilberg, tracing the evolution of Holocaust research from a marginal subdiscipline into a vital intellectual project. “I would recommend this book to both Holocaust historians and general readers alike. The breadth and depth of Hilberg’s research and his particular insights have not yet been surpassed by any other Holocaust scholar.”—Jewish Libraries News & Reviews Though best known as the author of the landmark 1961 work The Destruction of the European Jews, the historian Raul Hilberg produced a variety of archival research, personal essays, and other works over a career that spanned half a century. The Anatomy of the Holocaust collects some of Hilberg’s most essential and groundbreaking writings―many of them published in obscure journals or otherwise inaccessible to nonspecialists―in a single volume. Supplemented with commentary and notes from Hilberg’s longtime German editor and his biographer. From the Introduction: This selection by the editors from the multitude of his published texts focuses on Hilberg’s intellectual interests as a Holocaust researcher. Among other topics, they deal with the bureaucracy of the Holocaust, the number of victims, the role of the Judenräte(Jewish councils), and the function of the railway and the police in the extermination process. The scholarly impulses extending from Hilberg’s work remain remarkable and virulent almost a decade after his death.2 They deserve to be readily accessible in one place to historians and the interested public in the new compilation offered here. Many of the debates influenced by Hilberg are not yet resolved. The texts presented can be quite revealing in light of these controversies. |
| the destruction of european jews: Defiance Nechama Tec, 2008-12-26 The prevailing image of European Jews during the Holocaust is one of helpless victims, but in fact many Jews struggled against the terrors of the Third Reich. In Defiance, Nechama Tec offers a riveting history of one such group, a forest community in western Belorussia that would number more than 1,200 Jews by 1944--the largest armed rescue operation of Jews by Jews in World War II. Tec reveals that this extraordinary community included both men and women, some with weapons, but mostly unarmed, ranging from infants to the elderly. She reconstructs for the first time the amazing details of how these partisans and their families--hungry, exposed to the harsh winter weather--managed not only to survive, but to offer protection to all Jewish fugitives who could find their way to them. Arguing that this success would have been unthinkable without the vision of one man, Tec offers penetrating insight into the group's commander, Tuvia Bielski. Tec brings to light the untold story of Bielski's struggle as a partisan who lost his parents, wife, and two brothers to the Nazis, yet never wavered in his conviction that it was more important to save one Jew than to kill twenty Germans. She shows how, under Bielski's guidance, the partisans smuggled Jews out of heavily guarded ghettos, scouted the roads for fugitives, and led retaliatory raids against Belorussian peasants who collaborated with the Nazis. Herself a Holocaust survivor, Nechama Tec here draws on wide-ranging research and never before published interviews with surviving partisans--including Tuvia Bielski himself--to reconstruct here the poignant and unforgettable story of those who chose to fight. |
| the destruction of european jews: Eavesdropping on Hell Robert J. Hanyok, 2005-01-01 This official government publication investigates the impact of the Holocaust on the Western powers' intelligence-gathering community. It explains the archival organization of wartime records accumulated by the U.S. Army's Signal Intelligence Service and Britain's Government Code and Cypher School. It also summarizes Holocaust-related information intercepted during the war years. |
| the destruction of european jews: Hitler's Willing Executioners Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, 2007-12-18 This groundbreaking international bestseller lays to rest many myths about the Holocaust: that Germans were ignorant of the mass destruction of Jews, that the killers were all SS men, and that those who slaughtered Jews did so reluctantly. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. Goldhagen reconstructs the climate of eliminationist anti-Semitism that made Hitler's pursuit of his genocidal goals possible and the radical persecution of the Jews during the 1930s popular. Drawing on a wealth of unused archival materials, principally the testimony of the killers themselves, Goldhagen takes us into the killing fields where Germans voluntarily hunted Jews like animals, tortured them wantonly, and then posed cheerfully for snapshots with their victims. From mobile killing units, to the camps, to the death marches, Goldhagen shows how ordinary Germans, nurtured in a society where Jews were seen as unalterable evil and dangerous, willingly followed their beliefs to their logical conclusion. Hitler's Willing Executioner's is an original, indeed brilliant contribution to the...literature on the Holocaust.--New York Review of Books The most important book ever published about the Holocaust...Eloquently written, meticulously documented, impassioned...A model of moral and scholarly integrity.--Philadelphia Inquirer |
| the destruction of european jews: On the Eve Bernard Wasserstein, 2012-05-01 On the Eve is the portrait of a world on the brink of annihilation. In this provocative book, Bernard Wasserstein presents a new and disturbing interpretation of the collapse of European Jewish civilization even before the Nazi onslaught. In the 1930s, as Europe spiraled toward the Second World War, the continent’s Jews faced an existential crisis. The harsh realities of the age—anti-Semitic persecution, economic discrimination, and an ominous climate of violence—devastated Jewish communities and shattered the lives of individuals. The Jewish crisis was as much the result of internal decay as of external attack. Demographic collapse, social disintegration, and cultural dissolution were all taking their toll. The problem was not just Nazism: In the summer of 1939 more Jews were behind barbed wire outside the Third Reich than within it, and not only in police states but even in the liberal democracies of the West. The greater part of Europe was being transformed into a giant concentration camp for Jews. Unlike most previous accounts, On the Eve focuses not on the anti-Semites but on the Jews. Wasserstein refutes the common misconception that they were unaware of the gathering forces of their enemies. He demonstrates that there was a growing and widespread recognition among Jews that they stood on the edge of an abyss. On the Eve recaptures the agonizing sorrows and the effervescent cultural glories of this last phase in the history of the European Jews. It explores their hopes, anxieties, and ambitions, their family ties, social relations, and intellectual creativity—everything that made life meaningful and bearable for them. Wasserstein introduces a diverse array of characters: holy men and hucksters, beggars and bankers, politicians and poets, housewives and harlots, and, in an especially poignant chapter, children without a future. The geographical range also is vast: from Vilna (the “Jerusalem of the North”) to Amsterdam, Vienna, Warsaw, and Paris, from the Judeo-Espagnol-speaking stevedores of Salonica to the Yiddish-language collective farms of Soviet Ukraine and Crimea. Wasserstein’s aim is to “breathe life into dry bones.” Based on comprehensive research, rendered with compassion and empathy, and brought alive by telling anecdotes and dry wit, On the Eve offers a vivid and enlightening picture of the European Jews in their final hour. |
| the destruction of european jews: Rethinking the Holocaust Yehuda Bauer, 2002-01-01 Drawing on research from various historians, the author offers opinions on how to define and explain the Holocaust, comparison to other genocides, and the connection between the Holocaust and the establishment of Israel. |
| the destruction of european jews: In the Midst of Civilized Europe Jeffrey Veidlinger, 2021-10-26 FINALIST FOR THE NATIONAL JEWISH BOOK AWARD * SHORTLISTED FOR THE LIONEL GELBER PRIZE “The mass killings of Jews from 1918 to 1921 are a bridge between local pogroms and the extermination of the Holocaust. No history of that Jewish catastrophe comes close to the virtuosity of research, clarity of prose, and power of analysis of this extraordinary book. As the horror of events yields to empathetic understanding, the reader is grateful to Veidlinger for reminding us what history can do.” —Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands Between 1918 and 1921, over a hundred thousand Jews were murdered in Ukraine by peasants, townsmen, and soldiers who blamed the Jews for the turmoil of the Russian Revolution. In hundreds of separate incidents, ordinary people robbed their Jewish neighbors with impunity, burned down their houses, ripped apart their Torah scrolls, sexually assaulted them, and killed them. Largely forgotten today, these pogroms—ethnic riots—dominated headlines and international affairs in their time. Aid workers warned that six million Jews were in danger of complete extermination. Twenty years later, these dire predictions would come true. Drawing upon long-neglected archival materials, including thousands of newly discovered witness testimonies, trial records, and official orders, acclaimed historian Jeffrey Veidlinger shows for the first time how this wave of genocidal violence created the conditions for the Holocaust. Through stories of survivors, perpetrators, aid workers, and governmental officials, he explains how so many different groups of people came to the same conclusion: that killing Jews was an acceptable response to their various problems. In riveting prose, In the Midst of Civilized Europe repositions the pogroms as a defining moment of the twentieth century. |
| the destruction of european jews: The Unwanted Michael Dobbs, 2019 The powerfully told story of a group of German Jews desperately seeking American visas to escape the Nazis, and an illuminating account of America's struggle with the refugee crisis caused by the rise of Hitler. Official tie-in to the U.S. Holocaust Museum multi-year exhibit-- |
DESTRUCTION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DESTRUCTION is the state or fact of being destroyed : ruin. How to use destruction in a sentence.
725 Synonyms & Antonyms for DESTRUCTION - Thesaurus.com
Find 725 different ways to say DESTRUCTION, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
DESTRUCTION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DESTRUCTION definition: 1. the act of destroying something, or the fact of being destroyed: 2. the act of destroying…. Learn more.
DESTRUCTION definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Destruction is the act of destroying something, or the state of being destroyed. ...an international agreement aimed at halting the destruction of the ozone layer. ...weapons of mass destruction.
Destruction - definition of destruction by The Free Dictionary
The act or process of destroying: The destruction of the house was completed in two days. b. The condition of having been destroyed: Destruction from the tornado was extensive. 2. The cause …
destruction noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of destruction noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. the act of destroying something; the process of being destroyed. The central argument is that capitalism …
What does destruction mean? - Definitions.net
Destruction is the act or process of damaging something so intensely that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired. It refers to the state of being completely ruined or annihilated, often …
DESTRUCTION Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
the condition of being destroyed; demolition; annihilation. a cause or means of destroying. “Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged” 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & …
destruction | meaning of destruction in Longman Dictionary of ...
destruction meaning, definition, what is destruction: the act or process of destroying somethi...: Learn more.
Destruction - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Destruction is damage so bad, things must be replaced, not fixed. Tornadoes often leave a trail of destruction, damaging neighborhoods and knocking down houses.
DESTRUCTION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DESTRUCTION is the state or fact of being destroyed : ruin. How to use destruction in a sentence.
725 Synonyms & Antonyms for DESTRUCTION - Thesaurus.com
Find 725 different ways to say DESTRUCTION, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
DESTRUCTION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DESTRUCTION definition: 1. the act of destroying something, or the fact of being destroyed: 2. the act of destroying…. Learn more.
DESTRUCTION definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Destruction is the act of destroying something, or the state of being destroyed. ...an international agreement aimed at halting the destruction of the ozone layer. ...weapons of mass destruction.
Destruction - definition of destruction by The Free Dictionary
The act or process of destroying: The destruction of the house was completed in two days. b. The condition of having been destroyed: Destruction from the tornado was extensive. 2. The cause …
destruction noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of destruction noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. the act of destroying something; the process of being destroyed. The central argument is that capitalism …
What does destruction mean? - Definitions.net
Destruction is the act or process of damaging something so intensely that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired. It refers to the state of being completely ruined or annihilated, often …
DESTRUCTION Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
the condition of being destroyed; demolition; annihilation. a cause or means of destroying. “Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged” 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & …
destruction | meaning of destruction in Longman Dictionary of ...
destruction meaning, definition, what is destruction: the act or process of destroying somethi...: Learn more.
Destruction - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Destruction is damage so bad, things must be replaced, not fixed. Tornadoes often leave a trail of destruction, damaging neighborhoods and knocking down houses.
