The Armenian Genocide A Complete History

  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Armenian Genocide Raymond Kévorkian, 2011-03-30 The Armenian Genocide was one of the greatest atrocities of the twentieth century, an episode in which up to 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives. In this major new history, the renowned historian Raymond Kevorkian provides an authoritative account of the origins, events and consequences of the years 1915 and 1916. He considers the role that the Armenian Genocide played in the construction of the Turkish nation state and Turkish identity, as well as exploring the ideologies of power, rule and state violence. Crucially, he examines the consequences of the violence against the Armenians, the implications of deportations and attempts to bring those who committed the atrocities to justice. Kevorkian offers a detailed and meticulous record, providing an authoritative analysis of the events and their impact upon the Armenian community itself, as well as the development of the Turkish state. This important book will serve as an indispensable resource to historians of the period, as well as those wishing to understand the history of genocidal violence more generally.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The History of the Armenian Genocide Vahakn N. Dadrian, 2003 Dadrian, a former professor at SUNY, Geneseo, currently directs a genocide study project supported by the Guggenheim Foundation. The present study analyzes the devastating wartime destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire as the cataclysmic culmination of a historical process involving the progressive Turkish decimation of the Armenians through intermittent and incremental massacres. In addition to the excellent general bibliography there is an annotated bibliography of selected books used in the study. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
  the armenian genocide a complete history: "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else" Ronald Grigor Suny, 2017-05-09 A definitive history of the 20th century's first major genocide on its 100th anniversary Starting in early 1915, the Ottoman Turks began deporting and killing hundreds of thousands of Armenians in the first major genocide of the twentieth century. By the end of the First World War, the number of Armenians in what would become Turkey had been reduced by 90 percent—more than a million people. A century later, the Armenian Genocide remains controversial but relatively unknown, overshadowed by later slaughters and the chasm separating Turkish and Armenian interpretations of events. In this definitive narrative history, Ronald Suny cuts through nationalist myths, propaganda, and denial to provide an unmatched account of when, how, and why the atrocities of 1915–16 were committed. Drawing on archival documents and eyewitness accounts, this is an unforgettable chronicle of a cataclysm that set a tragic pattern for a century of genocide and crimes against humanity.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Armenian Genocide Raymond Kevorkian, 2011-03-30 The Armenian Genocide was one of the greatest atrocities of the twentieth century, an episode in which up to 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives. In this major new history, the renowned historian Raymond Kevorkian provides an authoritative account of the origins, events and consequences of the years 1915 and 1916. He considers the role that the Armenian Genocide played in the construction of the Turkish nation state and Turkish identity, as well as exploring the ideologies of power, rule and state violence. Crucially, he examines the consequences of the violence against the Armenians, the implications of deportations and attempts to bring those who committed the atrocities to justice. Kevorkian offers a detailed and meticulous record, providing an authoritative analysis of the events and their impact upon the Armenian community itself, as well as the development of the Turkish state. This important book will serve as an indispensable resource to historians of the period, as well as those wishing to understand the history of genocidal violence more generally.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Armenian Genocide David Charlwood, 2019-09-30 This short history sheds light on the slaughter and expulsion of ethnic Armenians during WWI with stories of those who witnesses the terror firsthand. Twenty years before the start of Hitler’s Holocaust, over 1.5 million Armenians were murdered by the Turkish state. They were crammed into cattle trucks and deported to camps, shot and buried in mass graves, or force-marched to death. It was described as a crime against humanity and Turkey was condemned by Russia, France, Great Britain and the United States. But two decades later the genocide had been conveniently forgotten. Hitler justified his Polish death squads by asking in 1939: ‘Who after all is today speaking about the destruction of the Armenians?’ In Armenian Genocide, historian David Charlwood presents a gripping short history of a forgotten genocide. With vivid eyewitness accounts, this volume recalls the men and women who died, the few who survived, and the diplomats who tried to intervene.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Judgment At Istanbul Vahakn N. Dadrian, Taner Akçam, 2011-12-01 Turkey’s bid to join the European Union has lent new urgency to the issue of the Armenian Genocide as differing interpretations of the genocide are proving to be a major reason for the delay of the its accession. This book provides vital background information and is a prime source of legal evidence and authentic Turkish eyewitness testimony of the intent and the crime of genocide against the Armenians. After a long and painstaking effort, the authors, one an Armenian, the other a Turk, generally recognized as the foremost experts on the Armenian Genocide, have prepared a new, authoritative translation and detailed analysis of the Takvim-i Vekâyi, the official Ottoman Government record of the Turkish Military Tribunals concerning the crimes committed against the Armenians during World War I. The authors have compiled the documentation of the trial proceedings for the first time in English and situated them within their historical and legal context. These documents show that Wartime Cabinet ministers, Young Turk party leaders, and a number of others inculpated in these crimes were court-martialed by the Turkish Military Tribunals in the years immediately following World War I. Most were found guilty and received sentences ranging from prison with hard labor to death. In remarkable contrast to Nuremberg, the Turkish Military Tribunals were conducted solely on the basis of existing Ottoman domestic penal codes. This substitution of a national for an international criminal court stands in history as a unique initiative of national self-condemnation. This compilation is significantly enhanced by an extensive analysis of the historical background, political nature and legal implications of the criminal prosecution of the twentieth century’s first state-sponsored crime of genocide.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Survivors Donald E. Miller, Lorna Touryan Miller, 1999-02-02 A superb work of scholarship and a deeply moving human document. . . . A unique work, one that will serve truth, understanding, and decency.—Roger W. Smith, College of William and Mary
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Armenian History and the Question of Genocide M. Gunter, 2011-05-09 An analysis of the Turkish position regarding the Armenian claims of genocide during World War I and the continuing debate over this issue, the author offers an equal examination of each side's historical position. The book asks what is genocide? and illustrates that although this is a useful concept to describe such evil events as the Jewish Holocaust in World War II and Rwanda in the 1990s, the term has also been overused, misused, and therefore trivialized by many different groups seeking to demonize their antagonists and win sympathetic approbation for them. The author includes the Armenians in this category because, although as many as 600,000 of them died during World War I, it was neither a premeditated policy perpetrated by the Ottoman Turkish government nor an event unilaterally implemented without cause. Of course, in no way does this excuse the horrible excesses committed by the Turks.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity Taner Akçam, 2012-04-22 An unprecedented look at secret documents showing the deliberate nature of the Armenian genocide Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in unprecedented detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. Presenting these previously inaccessible documents along with expert context and analysis, Taner Akçam's most authoritative work to date goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing. Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a crime against humanity and civilization, the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's official history rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that Akçam now uses to overturn the official narrative. The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic. By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Spirit of the Laws Taner Akçam, Umit Kurt, 2015-07-01 Pertinent to contemporary demands for reparations from Turkey is the relationship between law and property in connection with the Armenian Genocide. This book examines the confiscation of Armenian properties during the genocide and subsequent attempts to retain seized Armenian wealth. Through the close analysis of laws and treaties, it reveals that decrees issued during the genocide constitute central pillars of the Turkish system of property rights, retaining their legal validity, and although Turkey has acceded through international agreements to return Armenian properties, it continues to refuse to do so. The book demonstrates that genocides do not depend on the abolition of the legal system and elimination of rights, but that, on the contrary, the perpetrators of genocide manipulate the legal system to facilitate their plans.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: A Shameful Act Taner Akçam, 2007-08-21 A landmark study of Turkish involvement in the Armenian genocide: A “groundbreaking and lucid account by a prominent Turkish scholar” (Publishers Weekly, starred review). In 1915, under the cover of a world war, some one million Armenians were killed through starvation, forced marches, exile, and mass acts of slaughter. Although Armenians and world opinion have held the Ottoman powers responsible, Turkey has consistently rejected claims of genocide. Now Turkish historian Taner Akçam has made extensive and unprecedented use of Ottoman and other sources to produce a scrupulous charge sheet against the Turkish authorities. The first scholar of any nationality to mine the significant evidence—in Turkish military and court records, parliamentary minutes, letters, and eyewitness accounts—Akçam follows the chain of events leading up to the killing and then reconstructs its systematic orchestration by coordinated departments of the Ottoman state, the ruling political parties, and the military. He also examines how Turkey succeeded in evading responsibility, pointing to competing international interests in the region, the priorities of Turkish nationalists, and the international community’s inadequate attempts to bring the perpetrators to justice.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Crimes Against Humanity and Civilization , 2004
  the armenian genocide a complete history: A Question of Genocide Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Müge Göçek, Norman M. Naimark, 2011-02-23 One hundred years after the deportations and mass murder of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, and other peoples in the final years of the Ottoman Empire, the history of the Armenian genocide is a victim of historical distortion, state-sponsored falsification, and deep divisions between Armenians and Turks. Working together for the first time, Turkish, Armenian, and other scholars present here a compelling reconstruction of what happened and why. This volume gathers the most up-to-date scholarship on Armenian genocide, looking at how the event has been written about in Western and Turkish historiographies; what was happening on the eve of the catastrophe; portraits of the perpetrators; detailed accounts of the massacres; how the event has been perceived in both local and international contexts, including World War I; and reflections on the broader implications of what happened then. The result is a comprehensive work that moves beyond nationalist master narratives and offers a more complete understanding of this tragic event.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Armenian Genocide Captivating History, 2019-10-13 During 1915 to 1923, one and a half million Armenian people were deported and killed in the most appalling ways comprehensible.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Armenian Genocide Wolfgang Gust, 2014 Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Foreword -- Overview of the Armenian Genocide -- Bibliography -- Notes On Using the Documents -- The Documents -- Glossary -- Index
  the armenian genocide a complete history: German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide Vahakn N. Dadrian, 1996
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Killing Orders Taner Akçam, 2018-01-23 The book represents an earthquake in genocide studies, particularly in the field of Armenian Genocide research. A unique feature of the Armenian Genocide has been the long-standing efforts of successive Turkish governments to deny its historicity and to hide the documentary evidencesurrounding it. This book provides a major clarification of the often blurred lines between facts and truth in regard to these events. The authenticity of the killing orders signed by Ottoman Interior Minister Talat Pasha and the memoirs of the Ottoman bureaucrat Naim Efendi have been two of the most contested topics in this regard. The denialist school has long argued that these documents and memoirs were all forgeries, produced by Armenians to further their claims. Taner Akçam provides the evidence to refute the basis of these claims and demonstrates clearly why the documents can be trusted as authentic, revealing the genocidal intent of the Ottoman-Turkish government towards its Armenian population. As such, this work removes a cornerstone from the denialist edifice, and further establishes the historicity of the Armenian Genocide.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey Guenter Lewy, 2005-11-30 Avoiding the sterile was-it-genocide-or-not debate, this book will open a new chapter in this contentious controversy and may help achieve a long-overdue reconciliation of Armenians and Turks.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Ambassador Morgenthau's Story Henry Morgenthau, 1919
  the armenian genocide a complete history: From Empire to Republic Taner Akçam, 2013-07-18 Taner Akçam is one of the first Turkish academics to acknowledge and discuss openly the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman-Turkish government in 1915. This book discusses western political policies towards the region generally, and represents the first serious scholarly attempt to understand the Genocide from a perpetrator rather than victim perspective, and to contextualize those events within Turkey's political history. By refusing to acknowledge the fact of genocide, successive Turkish governments not only perpetuate massive historical injustice, but also pose a fundamental obstacle to Turkey's democratization today.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 Jay Winter, 2004-01-08 Before Rwanda and Bosnia, and before the Holocaust, the first genocide of the twentieth century happened in Turkish Armenia in 1915, when approximately one million people were killed. This volume is an account of the American response to this atrocity. The first part sets up the framework for understanding the genocide: Sir Martin Gilbert, Vahakn Dadrian and Jay Winter provide an analytical setting for nine scholarly essays examining how Americans learned of this catastrophe and how they tried to help its victims. Knowledge and compassion, though, were not enough to stop the killings. A terrible precedent was born in 1915, one which has come to haunt the United States and other Western countries throughout the twentieth century and beyond. To read the essays in this volume is chastening: the dilemmas Americans faced when confronting evil on an unprecedented scale are not very different from the dilemmas we face today.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Remembrance and Denial Richard G. Hovannisian, 1998 A fresh look at the forgotten genocide of world history.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Genocide in the Ottoman Empire George N. Shirinian, 2017-02-01 The final years of the Ottoman Empire were catastrophic ones for its non-Turkish, non-Muslim minorities. From 1913 to 1923, its rulers deported, killed, or otherwise persecuted staggering numbers of citizens in an attempt to preserve “Turkey for the Turks,” setting a modern precedent for how a regime can commit genocide in pursuit of political ends while largely escaping accountability. While this brutal history is most widely known in the case of the Armenian genocide, few appreciate the extent to which the Empire’s Assyrian and Greek subjects suffered and died under similar policies. This comprehensive volume is the first to broadly examine the genocides of the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks in comparative fashion, analyzing the similarities and differences among them and giving crucial context to present-day calls for recognition.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Great Game of Genocide Donald Bloxham, 2005-04-28 The Great Game of Genocide addresses the origins, development and aftermath of the Armenian genocide in a wide-ranging reappraisal based on primary and secondary sources from all the major parties involved. Rejecting the determinism of many influential studies, and discarding polemics on all sides, it founds its interpretation of the genocide in the interaction between the Ottoman empire in its decades of terminal decline, the self-interested policies of the European imperial powers, and the agenda of some Armenian nationalists in and beyond Ottoman territory. Particular attention is paid to the international context of the process of ethnic polarization that culminated in the massive destruction of 1912-23, and especially the obliteration of the Armenian community in 1915-16. The opening chapters of the book examine the relationship between the great power politics of the 'eastern question' from 1774, the narrower politics of the 'Armenian question' from the mid-nineteenth century, and the internal Ottoman questions of reforming the complex social and ethnic order under intense external pressure. Later chapters include detailed case studies of the role of Imperial Germany during the First World War (reaching conclusions markedly different to the prevailing orthodoxy of German complicity in the genocide); the wartime Entente and then the uncomfortable postwar Anglo-French axis; and American political interest in the Middle East in the interwar period which led to a policy of refusing to recognize the genocide. The book concludes by explaining the ongoing international denial of the genocide as an extension of the historical 'Armenian question', with many of the same considerations governing modern European-American-Turkish interaction as existed prior to the First World War.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Great Catastrophe Thomas De Waal, 2015 Drawing on archival sources, reportage and moving personal stories, de Waal tells the full story of Armenian-Turkish relations since the Genocide in all its extraordinary twists and turns. He looks behind the propaganda to examine the realities of a terrible historical crime and the divisive politics of genocide it produced.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Collective Trauma and the Armenian Genocide Pamela Steiner, 2021-02-25 In this pathbreaking study, Pamela Steiner deconstructs the psychological obstacles that have prevented peaceful settlements to longstanding issues. The book re-examines more than 100 years of destructive ethno-religious relations among Armenians, Turks, and Azerbaijanis through the novel lens of collective trauma. The author argues that a focus on embedded, transgenerational collective trauma is essential to achieving more trusting, productive, and stable relationships in this and similar contexts. The book takes a deep dive into history - analysing the traumatic events, examining and positing how they motivated the actions of key players (both victims and perpetrators), and revealing how profoundly these traumas continue to manifest today among the three peoples, stymying healing and inhibiting achievement of a basis for positive change. The author then proposes a bold new approach to “conflict resolution” as a complement to other perspectives, such as power-based analyses and international human rights. Addressing the psychological core of the conflict, the author argues that a focus on embedded collective trauma is essential in this and similar arenas.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Resistance Network Khatchig Mouradian, 2021-01-01 The Resistance Network is the history of an underground network of humanitarians, missionaries, and diplomats in Ottoman Syria who helped save the lives of thousands during the Armenian Genocide. Khatchig Mouradian challenges depictions of Armenians as passive victims of violence and subjects of humanitarianism, demonstrating the key role they played in organizing a humanitarian resistance against the destruction of their people. Piecing together hundreds of accounts, official documents, and missionary records, Mouradian presents a social history of genocide and resistance in wartime Aleppo and a network of transit and concentration camps stretching from Bab to Ras ul-Ain and Der Zor. He ultimately argues that, despite the violent and systematic mechanisms of control and destruction in the cities, concentration camps, and massacre sites in this region, the genocide of the Armenians did not progress unhindered—unarmed resistance proved an important factor in saving countless lives.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Armenian Golgotha Grigoris Balakian, 2010-03-09 On April 24, 1915, Grigoris Balakian was arrested along with some 250 other leaders of Constantinople’s Armenian community. It was the beginning of the Ottoman Empire’s systematic attempt to eliminate the Armenian people from Turkey—a campaign that continued through World War I and the fall of the empire. Over the next four years, Balakian would bear witness to a seemingly endless caravan of blood, surviving to recount his miraculous escape and expose the atrocities that led to over a million deaths. Armenian Golgotha is Balakian’s devastating eyewitness account—a haunting reminder of the first modern genocide and a controversial historical document that is destined to become a classic of survivor literature.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Armenians of Aintab †mit Kurt, 2021-04-13 A TurkÕs discovery that Armenians once thrived in his hometown leads to a groundbreaking investigation into the local dynamics of genocide. †mit Kurt, born and raised in Gaziantep, Turkey, was astonished to learn that his hometown once had a large and active Armenian community. The Armenian presence in Aintab, the cityÕs name during the Ottoman period, had not only been destroyedÑit had been replaced. To every appearance, Gaziantep was a typical Turkish city. Kurt digs into the details of the Armenian dispossession that produced the homogeneously Turkish city in which he grew up. In particular, he examines the population that gained from ethnic cleansing. Records of land confiscation and population transfer demonstrate just how much new wealth became available when the prosperous ArmeniansÑwho were active in manufacturing, agricultural production, and tradeÑwere ejected. Although the official rationale for the removal of the Armenians was that the group posed a threat of rebellion, Kurt shows that the prospect of material gain was a key motivator of support for the Armenian genocide among the local Muslim gentry and the Turkish public. Those who benefited mostÑprovincial elites, wealthy landowners, state officials, and merchants who accumulated Armenian capitalÑin turn financed the nationalist movement that brought the modern Turkish republic into being. The economic elite of Aintab was thus reconstituted along both ethnic and political lines. The Armenians of Aintab draws on primary sources from Armenian, Ottoman, Turkish, British, and French archives, as well as memoirs, personal papers, oral accounts, and newly discovered property-liquidation records. Together they provide an invaluable account of genocide at ground level.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Armenian History Captivating History, 2019-12-16 The tale of Armenia has its beginnings as a glorious ancient kingdom, one that commanded the respect of nations as mighty as Egypt and Babylonia. As its history takes a turn for the darker, each chapter reads like a roll call of the most famous of figures: Antony and Cleopatra, Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Frederick Barbarossa.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Open Wounds Vicken Cheterian, 2015 Open Wounds explains how, after the First World War, the new Turkish Republic forcibly erased the memory of the atrocities, and traces of Armenians, from their historic lands -- a process to which the international community turned a blind eye.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Burning Tigris Peter Balakian, 2009-10-13 A New York Times bestseller, The Burning Tigris is “a vivid and comprehensive account” (Los Angeles Times) of the Armenian Genocide and America’s response. Award-winning, critically acclaimed author Peter Balakian presents a riveting narrative of the massacres of the Armenians in the 1890s and of the Armenian Genocide in 1915 at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Using rarely seen archival documents and remarkable first-person accounts, Balakian presents the chilling history of how the Turkish government implemented the first modern genocide behind the cover of World War I. And in the telling, he resurrects an extraordinary lost chapter of American history. Awarded the Raphael Lemkin Prize for the best scholarly book on genocide by the Institute for Genocide Studies at John Jay College of Criminal Justice/CUNY Graduate Center. “Timely and welcome. . . an overwhelmingly convincing retort to genocide deniers.” —New York Times Book Review “A story of multiplying horror and betrayal. . . . What happened to the Armenians in Turkey was a harbinger of the Holocaust and of the waves of modern mass murder that have swept the world ever since.” —Boston Globe “Encourages America to tap into a forgotten well of knowledge about the genocide and to revive its powerful impulse toward humanitarianism.” —New York Newsday
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Blood and Soil Ben Kiernan, 2008-10-01 A book of surpassing importance that should be required reading for leaders and policymakers throughout the world For thirty years Ben Kiernan has been deeply involved in the study of genocide and crimes against humanity. He has played a key role in unearthing confidential documentation of the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge. His writings have transformed our understanding not only of twentieth-century Cambodia but also of the historical phenomenon of genocide. This new book—the first global history of genocide and extermination from ancient times—is among his most important achievements. Kiernan examines outbreaks of mass violence from the classical era to the present, focusing on worldwide colonial exterminations and twentieth-century case studies including the Armenian genocide, the Nazi Holocaust, Stalin’s mass murders, and the Cambodian and Rwandan genocides. He identifies connections, patterns, and features that in nearly every case gave early warning of the catastrophe to come: racism or religious prejudice, territorial expansionism, and cults of antiquity and agrarianism. The ideologies that have motivated perpetrators of mass killings in the past persist in our new century, says Kiernan. He urges that we heed the rich historical evidence with its telltale signs for predicting and preventing future genocides.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide Vahagn Avedian, 2018-10-08 Is the Armenian Genocide a strictly historical matter? If that is the case, why is it still a topical issue, capable of causing diplomatic rows and heated debates? The short answer would be that the century old Armenian Genocide is much more than a historical question. It emerged as a political dilemma on the international arena at the San Stefano peace conference in 1878 and has remained as such into our days. The disparity between knowledge and acknowledgement, mainly ascribable to Turkey’s official denial of the genocide, has only heightened the politicization of the Armenian question. Thus, the memories of the WWI era refuse to be relegated to the pages of history but are rather perceived as a vivid presence. This is the result of the perpetual process of politics of memory. The politics of memory is an intricate and interdisciplinary negotiation, engaging many different actors in the society who have access to a wide range of resources and measures in order to achieve their goals. By following the Armenian question during the past century up to its Centennial Commemoration in 2015, this study aims to explain why and how the politics of memory of the Armenian Genocide has kept it as a topical issue in our days.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Goodbye, Antoura Karnig Panian, 2015-04-08 “This searing account of a little boy wrenched from family and innocence” during the Armenian genocide “is a literary gem” (Financial Times). When World War I began, Karnig Panian was only five years old, living among his fellow Armenians in the Anatolian village of Gurin. Four years later, American aid workers found him at an orphanage in Antoura, Lebanon. He was among nearly a thousand Armenian and four hundred Kurdish children who had been abandoned by the Turkish administrators, left to survive at the orphanage without adult care. This memoir offers the extraordinary story of what he endured in those years—as his people were deported from their Armenian community, as his family died in a refugee camp in the deserts of Syria, as he survived hunger and mistreatment in the orphanage. The Antoura orphanage was another project of the Armenian genocide: Its administrators, some benign and some cruel, sought to transform the children into Turks by changing their Armenian names, forcing them to speak Turkish, and erasing their history. Panian’s memoir is a full-throated story of loss, resistance, and survival, but told without bitterness or sentimentality. His story shows us how even young children recognize injustice and can organize against it, how they can form a sense of identity that they will fight to maintain. He paints a painfully rich and detailed picture of the lives and agency of Armenian orphans during the darkest days of World War I. Ultimately, Karnig Panian survived the Armenian genocide and the deprivations that followed. Goodbye, Antoura assures us of how humanity, once denied, can be again reclaimed.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: The Thirty-Year Genocide Benny Morris, Dror Ze'evi, 2019-04-24 A Financial Times Book of the Year A Foreign Affairs Book of the Year A Spectator Book of the Year “A landmark contribution to the study of these epochal events.” —Times Literary Supplement “Brilliantly researched and written...casts a careful eye upon the ghastly events that took place in the final decades of the Ottoman empire, when its rulers decided to annihilate their Christian subjects...Hitler and the Nazis gleaned lessons from this genocide that they then applied to their own efforts to extirpate Jews.” —Jacob Heilbrun, The Spectator Between 1894 and 1924, three waves of violence swept across Anatolia, targeting the region’s Christian minorities. By 1924, the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, once nearly a quarter of the population, had been reduced to 2 percent. Most historians have treated these waves as distinct, isolated events, and successive Turkish governments presented them as an unfortunate sequence of accidents. The Thirty-Year Genocide is the first account to show that all three were actually part of a single, continuing, and intentional effort to wipe out Anatolia’s Christian population. Despite the dramatic swing from the Islamizing autocracy of the sultan to the secularizing republicanism of the post–World War I period, the nation’s annihilationist policies were remarkably constant, with continual recourse to premeditated mass killing, homicidal deportation, forced conversion, and mass rape. And one thing more was a constant: the rallying cry of jihad. While not justified under the teachings of Islam, the killing of two million Christians was effected through the calculated exhortation of the Turks to create a pure Muslim nation. “A subtle diagnosis of why, at particular moments over a span of three decades, Ottoman rulers and their successors unleashed torrents of suffering.” —Bruce Clark, New York Times Book Review
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Revolution and Genocide Robert Melson, 1996-06 In a study that compares the major attempts at genocide in world history, Robert Melson creates a sophisticated framework that links genocide to revolution and war. He focuses on the plights of Jews after the fall of Imperial Germany and of Armenians after the fall of the Ottoman as well as attempted genocides in the Soviet Union and Cambodia. He argues that genocide often is the end result of a complex process that starts when revolutionaries smash an old regime and, in its wake, try to construct a society that is pure according to ideological standards.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Humanitarian Photography Heide Fehrenbach, Davide Rodogno, 2015-02-23 This book investigates the historical evolution of 'humanitarian photography' - the mobilization of photography in the service of humanitarian initiatives across state boundaries.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: "Starving Armenians" Merrill D. Peterson, 2004 Between 1915 and 1925 as many as 1.5 million Armenians, a minority in the Ottoman Empire, died in Ottoman Turkey, victims of execution, starvation, and death marches to the Syrian Desert. Peterson explores the American response to these atrocities, from initial reports to President Wilson until Armenia's eventual absorption into the Soviet Union.
  the armenian genocide a complete history: Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks Marc David Baer, 2020-03-10 An examination of why Jews promote a positive image of Ottomans and Turks while denying the Armenian genocide and the existence of antisemitism in Turkey. Based on historical narrative, the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 were embraced by the Ottoman Empire and then, later, protected from the Nazis during WWII. If we believe that Turks and Jews have lived in harmony for so long, then how can we believe that the Turks could have committed genocide against the Armenians? Marc David Baer confronts these convictions and circumstances to reflect on what moral responsibility the descendants of the victims of one genocide have to the descendants of victims of another. Baer delves into the history of Muslim-Jewish relations in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey to find the origin of these myths. He aims to foster reconciliation between Jews, Muslims, and Christians, not only to face inconvenient historical facts but to confront, accept, and deal with them. By looking at the complexities of interreligious relations, Holocaust denial, genocide and ethnic cleansing, and confronting some long-standing historical stereotypes, Baer aims to tell a new history that goes against Turkish antisemitism and admits to the Armenian genocide. “[Baer] demonstrates not only his erudition and knowledge of the sources but his courage on confronting a major myth of Ottoman history and current Turkish politics: the tolerance and defense of Jews by the Ottoman and Turkish state.” —Ronald Grigor Suny, editor of A Question of Genocide “A very significant study regarding the origins of violence and its denial in Turkey through the empirical study of not only antisemitism, but also its connection to genocide denial.” —Fatma Müge Göçek, author of The Transformation of Turkey
A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide
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The Armenian Genocide - Genocide Education
The Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) was the first modern genocide of the Twentieth Century. The perpetrator of this crime against humanity was the Ottoman Government. Using different types …

Introduction: The Armenian Genocide: Perpetration, Denial
The Armenian genocide followed decades of persecution by the Ottomans and came only after two similar but smaller round of massacres in the 1894-96 and 1909 periods had resulted in two …

Contending Interpretations Concerning the Armenian Genocide …
Some historians who write about and document the Armenian Genocide may still differ on the sig-nificance of the massacres of 1894–1896 and on the process that initiated the mass murder …

Handout: The Armenian Genocide Viewing Guide - Facing History …
The Armenian Genocide Viewing Guide. Directions: As you watch the video segment, listen for information that can help you answer the following question: What are some of the conditions …

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STUDIES
International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies (ISSN 1829-4405) is a peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation since 2014 (8/8 …

“Crimes against Humanity”: Human Rights, the British Empire, and …
The approach of the one-hundredth anniversary of the Armenian Genocide has drawn historians back to the moment when geopolitics and human rights first con-verged around the Armenian …

Review of The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German …
The book is divided into three sections. The foreword section written by va-hakn N. Dadrian, renowned scholar of the Armenian Genocide, discusses the his-torical importance of the …

Norms, Narratives, and Scholarship on the Armenian Genocide
narrative drew a sharp line between the Holocaust and the suffering of Armenians, arguing that what had happened during World War I was a civil war, and that it a genocide would undermine …

Demographic and attitudinal legacies of the Armenian genocide
During the Armenian genocide of 1915–1923, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed, about half of the ethnic population. The trauma of the genocide haunts Armenian society to this day.

ON THe HIeRARCHY OF PeRPeTRATORS DURING THe ARMeNIAN GeNOCIDe …
In the upper circle of perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide were those, who made the cru-cial decisions. They were responsible for the formulation of the ideology of the genocide, making the …

Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A …
recognize the Armenian genocide as such on its centenary in 2015, Turkey’s then-prime minister and current president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, sent a special condolence message to Armenian …

'The Armenian Question Is Finally - JSTOR
'The Armenian Question Is Finally Closed": Mass Conversions of Armenians in Anatolia during the Hamidian Massacres of 1895-1897 SELIM DERINGIL History, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul In …

The Collective Memory of the Armenian Genocide
the Armenian Genocide (Libardian, Gerard, 1985). Peter Balakian in “The Burning Tigris: A History of the Armenian Genocide” starts the story from the1890s, discusses the origins of the ‘Armenian …

The G-Word: The Armenian Massacre and the Politics of Genocide …
The Armenian Massacre and the Politics of Genocide Thomas de Waal One hundred years ago this April, the Ottoman Empire began a brutal campaign of deporting and destroying its ethnic …

A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide
A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide Sara Cohan “I am confident that the whole history of the human race con-tains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared with the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915.” Henry Morgenthau, American ambassador to the Ottoman

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STUDIES
International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies (ISSN 1829-4405) is a peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation since 2014 (8/8 Tstitsernakaberd highway, 0028 Yerevan, Republic of Armenia (+374 10) 39 09 81, www.genocide-museum.am).

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STUDIES
The Armenian Genocide is an approved fact of history, a public knowledge which is recog-nized not only by specialists but also by the international community. For more than forty years, the government of the Ottoman Empire succeeded in the cleaning out of the native-born

THE ARMENIAN “GENOCIDE”? - Ministry of Foreign Affairs
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. The so-called "Armenian Question" is generally thought of as having begun in the second half of the nineteenth century. One can easily point to the Russo-Turkish war (1877 -78) and the Congress of Berlin (1878) which concluded the war as marking the emergence of this question as a problem in Europe.

The Armenian Genocide - THGAAC
Overview: The Armenian Genocide was the systematic killing of ethnic Armenian Christian people living in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. An estimated one million to 1.5 million Armenians were murdered by shooting, starvation, deportation, exposure and …

Ottoman Historiography and the End of the Genocide Taboo: …
Until recently, much of the literature on the Armenian genocide was shaped by a broader effort to confront the Turkish Republic’s refusal to recognize the destruction of Ottoman Armenians during World War I as genocide.

The Armenian Genocide - Genocide Education
The Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) was the first modern genocide of the Twentieth Century. The perpetrator of this crime against humanity was the Ottoman Government. Using different types of mass extermination practices including forced …

Introduction: The Armenian Genocide: Perpetration, Denial
The Armenian genocide followed decades of persecution by the Ottomans and came only after two similar but smaller round of massacres in the 1894-96 and 1909 periods had resulted in two hundred thousand Armenian deaths. In all, over one million Armenians were put to death.

Contending Interpretations Concerning the Armenian Genocide …
Some historians who write about and document the Armenian Genocide may still differ on the sig-nificance of the massacres of 1894–1896 and on the process that initiated the mass murder during and following the First World War. One group …

Handout: The Armenian Genocide Viewing Guide - Facing History …
The Armenian Genocide Viewing Guide. Directions: As you watch the video segment, listen for information that can help you answer the following question: What are some of the conditions that led to the Armenians becoming targets of persecution and violence in the Ottoman Empire?

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STUDIES
International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies (ISSN 1829-4405) is a peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation since 2014 (8/8 Tstitsernakaberd highway, 0028 Yerevan, Republic of Armenia (+374 10) 39 09 81, www.genocide-museum.am).

“Crimes against Humanity”: Human Rights, the British Empire, and …
The approach of the one-hundredth anniversary of the Armenian Genocide has drawn historians back to the moment when geopolitics and human rights first con-verged around the Armenian issue.2 In the face of an influential denialist contingent, early scholarship was focused on marshaling evidence to prove that the massacres that killed more than on...

Review of The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German …
The book is divided into three sections. The foreword section written by va-hakn N. Dadrian, renowned scholar of the Armenian Genocide, discusses the his-torical importance of the documents compiled by Gust and addresses the vexing issue of German complicity/involvement/responsibility in the Armenian Genocide.

Norms, Narratives, and Scholarship on the Armenian Genocide
narrative drew a sharp line between the Holocaust and the suffering of Armenians, arguing that what had happened during World War I was a civil war, and that it a genocide would undermine the strength of that concept and the memory. Holocaust's victims.

Demographic and attitudinal legacies of the Armenian genocide
During the Armenian genocide of 1915–1923, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed, about half of the ethnic population. The trauma of the genocide haunts Armenian society to this day.

ON THe HIeRARCHY OF PeRPeTRATORS DURING THe ARMeNIAN GeNOCIDe …
In the upper circle of perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide were those, who made the cru-cial decisions. They were responsible for the formulation of the ideology of the genocide, making the decisions on carrying out the genocide and supervising the course of the mas-sacres.

Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A …
recognize the Armenian genocide as such on its centenary in 2015, Turkey’s then-prime minister and current president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, sent a special condolence message to Armenian communities around the world.

'The Armenian Question Is Finally - JSTOR
'The Armenian Question Is Finally Closed": Mass Conversions of Armenians in Anatolia during the Hamidian Massacres of 1895-1897 SELIM DERINGIL History, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul In honor of Hrant Dink introduction: Armenians, kurds, and turks in historical CONTEXT1 Few issues in late-nineteenth-century Armenian/Turkish history straddle so

The Collective Memory of the Armenian Genocide
the Armenian Genocide (Libardian, Gerard, 1985). Peter Balakian in “The Burning Tigris: A History of the Armenian Genocide” starts the story from the1890s, discusses the origins of the ‘Armenian Question’, describes Hamidian massacres1, the rise of the Young Turks and presents American witnesses.

The G-Word: The Armenian Massacre and the Politics of Genocide …
The Armenian Massacre and the Politics of Genocide Thomas de Waal One hundred years ago this April, the Ottoman Empire began a brutal campaign of deporting and destroying its ethnic Armenian community, whom it accused of supporting Russia, a World War I enemy. More than a million Armenians died. As it