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| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander at the Battle of the Granicus Rupert Matthews, 2008 Rupert Matthews looks at the first major campaign of Alexander the Great. Alexander was just 20 when he led his army into battle at Granicus. Despite his youth and his army being heavily outnumbered, he was victorious, and it was this victory that allowed him to conquer Asia Minor. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Landmark Arrian Arrian, 2012-01-17 Arrian’s Campaigns of Alexander, widely considered the most authoritative history of the brilliant leader’s great conquests, is the latest addition to the acclaimed Landmark series. After twelve years of hard-fought campaigns, Alexander the Great controlled a vast empire that was bordered by the Adriatic sea to the west and modern-day India to the east. Arrian, himself a military commander, combines his firsthand experience of battle with material from Ptolemy’s memoirs and other ancient sources to compose a singular portrait of Alexander. This vivid and engaging new translation of Arrian will fascinate readers who are interested in classical studies, the history of warfare, and the origins of East–West tensions still swirling in Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan today. Enriched by the series’ trademark comprehensive maps, illustrations, and annotations, and with contributions from the preeminent classical scholars of today, The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander is the definitive edition of this essential work of ancient history. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Granicus 334 BC Michael Thompson, 2007-07-24 Granicus River was Alexander's first great victory over the Persians, where he demonstrated the heroic style of active and decisive leadership that was the hallmark of his career. After assuming the throne of Macedonia in 336BC and consolidating his hold on mainland Greece, Alexander crossed the Hellespont to face the Persians at the steep banks of the Granicus. In the initial engagement, Alexander's 5,000 cavalry, supported by archers and javelin men, routed a force of 20,000 Persian cavalry. Leading the charge, Alexander came close to death, narrowly missing having his head split in two, but eventually triumphed, allowing his infantry to massacre the Greek army, which was hired by the Persians. This convincing victory was the springboard for the subjugation of the coastal cities, the neutralization of the Persian navy, and ultimately the conquest of the Persian Empire. Exploring the courageous leadership of one of the world's most inspirational yet ruthless leaders, this book provides a detailed analysis of the battle, strategy, and tactics of the forces engaged. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Arrian's History of the Expedition of Alexander the Great, and Conquest of Persia Arrian, 1812 |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: In the Path of Conquest Waldemar Heckel, 2020 In the Face of Panhellenic War: Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, 340-334 -- The Long Road to Asia Minor: Resistance in Macedonia and Greece -- First Clash in Asia Minor -- From the Aegean to Cappadocia -- Persian Counter Measures: The War in the Aegean -- The Great King and his Armies -- The Campaign in Cilicia -- The Levant and Egypt: Collaboration and Resistance -- Darius' Last Stand and the Collapse of Persian Resistance -- The End of Darius III -- War in Central Asia -- Persianizing and the Internal Enemy -- From the Hindu Kush to the Indus -- From the Panjāb to Pattala -- Return to the West: Problems of Consolidation and the Revival of Old Grievancesv--Appendix: Sources for the History of Alexander. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great: A Very Short Introduction Hugh Bowden, 2014-07-24 Alexander the Great became king of Macedon in 336 BC, when he was only 20 years old, and died at the age of 32, twelve years later. During his reign he conquered the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the largest empire that had ever existed, leading his army from Greece to Pakistan, and from the Libyan desert to the steppes of Central Asia. His meteoric career, as leader of an alliance of Greek cities, Pharaoh of Egypt, and King of Persia, had a profound effect on the world he moved through. Even in his lifetime his achievements became legendary and in the centuries that following his story was told and retold throughout Europe and the East. Greek became the language of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and much of the Near East, as powerful Macedonian dynasts carved up Alexander's empire into kingdoms of their own, underlaying the flourishing Hellenistic civilization that emerged after his death. But what do we really know about Alexander? In this Very Short Introduction, Hugh Bowden goes behind the usual historical accounts of Alexander's life and career. Instead, he focuses on the evidence from Alexander's own time -- letters from officials in Afghanistan, Babylonian diaries, records from Egyptian temples -- to try and understand how Alexander appeared to those who encountered him. In doing so he also demonstrates the profound influence the legends of his life have had on our historical understanding and the controversy they continue to generate worldwide. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Origins Of War Arther Ferrill, 2018-05-04 When did war begin? Standard military accounts tend to start with the Graeco-Persian wars, laying undue emphasis on the preeminence of Greek heavy infantry. But, as this strikingly original and entertaining book shows, the origins of war can be traced back not to the Iron Age, or even to the Bronze Age, but to the emergence of settled life itself nearly 10,000 years ago. The military revolution that occurred then?the invention of major new weapons, the massive fortifications, the creation of strategy and tactics?ultimately gave rise to the great war machines of ancient Egypt, Assyria, and Persia that dominated the Near East until the time of Alexander the Great.It is Arther Ferrill's thesis that in the period before Alexander there were two independent lines of military development?a Near Eastern one culminating in the expert integration of cavalry, skirmishers, and light infantry and a Greek one based on heavy infantry. When Philip and Alexander blended the two traditions in their crack Macedonian army, the result was a style of warfare that continued, despite technological changes, down to Napoleon.This newly revised edition presents detailed and copiously illustrated accounts of all the major battles on land and sea up to the fourth century b.c., analyzes weapons from the sling to the catapult, and discusses ancient strategy and tactics, making this a book for armchair historians everywhere. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Greek Mercenaries Matthew Trundle, 2004-09-09 Greek Mercenaries is an analysis of the political, social and economic aspects of classical Greek mercenary service. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Conquests of Alexander the Great Waldemar Heckel, 2012-03-29 In this book, Waldemar Heckel traces the rise and eventual fall of one of the most successful military commanders in history. In 325 BCE, Alexander and his conquering army prepared to return home, after overcoming everything in their path: armies, terrain, climate, all invariably hostile. Little did they know that within two years their beloved king would be dead and their labours seemingly wasted. Tracing the rise and eventual fall of one of the most successful military commanders in history, Heckel engagingly and with great detail shows us how Alexander earned his appellation, The Great. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set Bruno Jacobs, Robert Rollinger, 2021-08-31 A COMPANION TO THE ACHAEMENID PERSIAN EMPIRE A comprehensive review of the political, cultural, social, economic and religious history of the Achaemenid Empirem Often called the first world empire, the Achaemenid Empire is rooted in older Near Eastern traditions. A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire offers a perspective in which the history of the empire is embedded in the preceding and subsequent epochs. In this way, the traditions that shaped the Achaemenid Empire become as visible as the powerful impact it had on further historical development. But the work does not only break new ground in this respect, but also in the fact that, in addition to written testimonies of all kinds, it also considers material tradition as an equal factor in historical reconstruction. This comprehensive two-volume set features contributions by internationally-recognized experts that offer balanced coverage of the whole of the empire from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia. Comprehensive in scope, the Companion provides readers with a panoramic view of the diversity, richness, and complexity of the Achaemenid Empire, dealing with all the many aspects of history, event history, administration, economy, society, communication, art, science and religion, illustrating the multifaceted nature of the first true empire. A unique historical account presented in its multiregional dimensions, this important resource deals with many aspects of history, administration, economy, society, communication, art, science and religion it deals with topics that have only recently attracted interest such as court life, leisure activities, gender roles, and more examines a variety of available sources to consider those predecessors who influenced Achaemenid structure, ideology, and self-expression contains the study of Nachleben and the history of perception up to the present day offers a spectrum of opinions in disputed fields of research, such as the interpretation of the imagery of Achaemenid art, or questions of religion includes extensive bibliographies in each chapter for use as starting points for further research devotes special interest to the east of the empire, which is often neglected in comparison to the western territories Part of the acclaimed Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series, A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire is an indispensable work for students, instructors, and scholars of Persian and ancient world history, particularly the First Persian Empire. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: By the Spear Ian Worthington, 2014 A unique military and cultural history that chronicles the reigns of Philip and Alexander the Great in one sweeping narrative. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Confessions of Alexander the Great Ashkan Karbasfrooshan, 2004-10-01 Tells history through the eyes of the greatest military commander of all time, Alexander the Great, who died one month shy of his thirty-third birthday. Broken up into thirty-three chapters, this book offers a first-person narrative glimpse into the body, soul and mind of the most important secular figure in history. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great Krzysztof Nawotka, 2009-12-14 This book is possibly the most comprehensive biography of Alexander in print. It presents his story strictly on the basis of ancient sources, making use as much as possible of contemporary Greek inscriptions, coins, and of non-western evidence (Babylonian tablets, Egyptian papyri, Bactrian parchments). The latter in particular change our understanding of how the Achaemenid state was run and how the Macedonian conquests were perceived from the Oriental perspective. The book’s protagonist was the first in Western Civilization to be hailed Great. The specific aura and charisma of this young ruler, the scale of his conquests and the exotic landscapes and peoples encountered during a tireless trek of over 35,000 km spanning three continents is what the broader public have always found particularly appealing. The author travelled extensively in the footsteps of Alexander and made use of other geographical accounts to elucidate the spatial perspective of his conquests. Space and politics define the dynamics of his story. The author presents Alexander as a component of the historical processes in his epoch and considers his influence on developments in Greece, Macedonia, the Persian Empire and neighbouring countries. The book tries to steer clear of both idealizing Alexander the Great, typical of some earlier modern biographies, and of deconstructing his personality, which mars the minimalist approach of today’s scholarship. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander Guy Maclean Rogers, 2005-10-11 For nearly two and a half millennia, Alexander the Great has loomed over history as a legend–and an enigma. Wounded repeatedly but always triumphant in battle, he conquered most of the known world, only to die mysteriously at the age of thirty-two. In his day he was revered as a god; in our day he has been reviled as a mass murderer, a tyrant as brutal as Stalin or Hitler. Who was the man behind the mask of power? Why did Alexander embark on an unprecedented program of global domination? What accounted for his astonishing success on the battlefield? In this luminous new biography, the esteemed classical scholar and historian Guy MacLean Rogers sifts through thousands of years of history and myth to uncover the truth about this complex, ambiguous genius. Ascending to the throne of Macedonia after the assassination of his father, King Philip II, Alexander discovered while barely out of his teens that he had an extraordinary talent and a boundless appetite for military conquest. A virtuoso of violence, he was gifted with an uncanny ability to visualize how a battle would unfold, coupled with devastating decisiveness in the field. Granicus, Issos, Gaugamela, Hydaspes–as the victories mounted, Alexander’s passion for conquest expanded from cities to countries to continents. When Persia, the greatest empire of his day, fell before him, he marched at once on India, intending to add it to his holdings. As Rogers shows, Alexander’s military prowess only heightened his exuberant sexuality. Though his taste for multiple partners, both male and female, was tolerated, Alexander’s relatively enlightened treatment of women was nothing short of revolutionary. He outlawed rape, he placed intelligent women in positions of authority, and he chose his wives from among the peoples he conquered. Indeed, as Rogers argues, Alexander’s fascination with Persian culture, customs, and sexual practices may have led to his downfall, perhaps even to his death. Alexander emerges as a charismatic and surprisingly modern figure–neither a messiah nor a genocidal butcher but one of the most imaginative and daring military tacticians of all time. Balanced and authoritative, this brilliant portrait brings Alexander to life as a man, without diminishing the power of the legend. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Treasures of Alexander the Great Frank Lee Holt, 2016 This book investigates the kinds and quantities of treasure seized by Alexander the Great, from gold and silver to land and slaves, and reassesses the widespread belief that the Macedonian king used the profits of war to improve the ancient economies he conquered. It reveals what became of the king's wealth and what Alexander's redistribution of these vast resources can tell us about his much-disputed policies and personality. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus Marcus Junianus Justinus, 1997 This volume presents the first authoritative English translation and scholarly commentary on a little known but important ancient historical source: the 2nd/3rd century Roman historian Justin's epitome or abridged version of the Philippic History by Pompeius Trogus (27 BC-AD 14). This book covers books 11-12 and represents one of the five major sources for historians on the life and times of Alexander the Great. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: From Cyrus to Alexander Pierre Briant, 2002-06-23 Around 550 B.C.E. the Persian people—who were previously practically unknown in the annals of history—emerged from their base in southern Iran (Fars) and engaged in a monumental adventure that, under the leadership of Cyrus the Great and his successors, culminated in the creation of an immense Empire that stretched from central Asia to Upper Egypt, from the Indus to the Danube. The Persian (or Achaemenid, named for its reigning dynasty) Empire assimilated an astonishing diversity of lands, peoples, languages, and cultures. This conquest of Near Eastern lands completely altered the history of the world: for the first time, a monolithic State as vast as the future Roman Empire arose, expanded, and matured in the course of more than two centuries (530–330) and endured until the death of Alexander the Great (323), who from a geopolitical perspective was “the last of the Achaemenids.” Even today, the remains of the Empire-the terraces, palaces, reliefs, paintings, and enameled bricks of Pasargadae, Persepolis, and Susa; the impressive royal tombs of Naqsh-i Rustam; the monumental statue of Darius the Great-serve to remind visitors of the power and unprecedented luxury of the Great Kings and their loyal courtiers (the “Faithful Ones”). Though long eclipsed and overshadowed by the towering prestige of the “ancient Orient” and “eternal Greece,” Achaemenid history has emerged into fresh light during the last two decades. Freed from the tattered rags of “Oriental decadence” and “Asiatic stagnation,” research has also benefited from a continually growing number of discoveries that have provided important new evidence-including texts, as well as archaeological, numismatic, and iconographic artifacts. The evidence that this book assembles is voluminous and diverse: the citations of ancient documents and of the archaeological evidence permit the reader to follow the author in his role as a historian who, across space and time, attempts to understand how such an Empire emerged, developed, and faded. Though firmly grounded in the evidence, the author’s discussions do not avoid persistent questions and regularly engages divergent interpretations and alternative hypotheses. This book is without precedent or equivalent, and also offers an exhaustive bibliography and thorough indexes. The French publication of this magisterial work in 1996 was acclaimed in newspapers and literary journals. Now Histoire de l’Empire Perse: De Cyrus a Alexandre is translated in its entirety in a revised edition, with the author himself reviewing the translation, correcting the original edition, and adding new documentation. Pierre Briant, Chaire Histoire et civilisation du monde achémenide et de l’empire d’Alexandre, Collège de France, is a specialist in the history of the Near East during the era of the Persian Empire and the conquests of Alexander. He is the author of numerous books. Peter T. Daniels, the translator, is an independent scholar, editor, and translator who studied at Cornell University and the University of Chicago. He lives and works in New York City. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Campaigns of Alexander Arrian, 2003-07-31 Although written over four hundred years after Alexander's death, Arrian's account of the man and his achievements is the most reliable we have. Arrian's own experience as a military commander gave him unique insights into the life of the world's greatest conqueror. He tells of Alexander's violent suppression of the Theban rebellion, his defeat of Persia and campaigns through Egypt and Babylon - establishing new cities and destroying others in his path. While Alexander emerges as a charismatic leader, Arrian succeeds brilliantly in creating an objective portrait of a man of boundless ambition, who was exposed to the temptations of power. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C. Peter Green, 1991 This biography portrays Alexander as both a complex personality and a single-minded general, a man capable of such diverse expediencies as patricide or the massacre of civilians. Writing for the general reader, the author provides gritty details on Alexander's darker side while providing a gripping tale of Alexander's career. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Conquest and Empire A. B. Bosworth, 1993-03-26 This book is an exploration of the process and consequences of the campaigns of Alexander the Great of Macedon (who reigned from 336 to 323 BC), focusing on the effect of his monarchy upon the world of his day. A detailed running narrative of the actual campaigns from the Danube to the Indus is complemented and enlarged upon by thematic studies on the reaction in Greece to Macedonian suzerainty, the administration of the empire, the evolution of the Macedonian army and its role as the instrument of conquest, and on the origins of the ruler cult. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army Donald W. Engels, 1978 The most important work on Alexander the Great to appear in a long time. Neither scholarship nor semi-fictional biography will ever be the same again. . . .Engels at last uses all the archaeological work done in Asia in the past generation and makes it accessible. ... Careful analyses of terrain, climate, and supply requirements are throughout combined in a masterly fashion to help account for Alexander's strategic decision in the light of the options open to him ... The chief merit of this splendid book is perhaps the way in which it brings an ancient army to life, as it really was and moved: the hours it took for simple operations of washing and cooking and feeding animals; the train of noncombatants moving with the army. ... this is a book that will set the reader thinking. There are not many books on Alexander the Great that do.--New York Review of Books. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Into the Land of Bones Frank L. Holt, 2012-10-03 The so-called first war of the twenty-first century actually began more than 2,300 years ago when Alexander the Great led his army into what is now a sprawling ruin in northern Afghanistan. Frank L. Holt vividly recounts Alexander's invasion of ancient Bactria, situating in a broader historical perspective America's war in Afghanistan. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Ghost on the Throne James Romm, 2012-11-13 When Alexander the Great died at the age of thirty-two, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea in the west all the way to modern-day India in the east. In an unusual compromise, his two heirs—a mentally damaged half brother, Philip III, and an infant son, Alexander IV, born after his death—were jointly granted the kingship. But six of Alexander’s Macedonian generals, spurred by their own thirst for power and the legend that Alexander bequeathed his rule “to the strongest,” fought to gain supremacy. Perhaps their most fascinating and conniving adversary was Alexander’s former Greek secretary, Eumenes, now a general himself, who would be the determining factor in the precarious fortunes of the royal family. James Romm, professor of classics at Bard College, brings to life the cutthroat competition and the struggle for control of the Greek world’s greatest empire. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great Alfred John Church, 1890 This riveting historical fiction depicts a soldier in Alexander the Great's army, and was written using the authentic Macedonian letters discussing Alexander's conquests across Asia. We join the young Charidemus as he competes in a race around Olympia. Athletic and determined by nature, we find the young man ostracized by the Greek establishment owing to his origins in Macedonia - a territory which, in centuries past, was considered an uncivilized and barbaric province north of the Hellenic League. Such stigma, though troublesome, does not dent the courage of our hero, who grows ever-stronger and is recruited into the army of a young general named Alexander. After completing an initial tour, Charidemus is chosen as one of the 40,000 men to embark with Alexander on his epic conquest of Asia's uncharted lands. With vivid battle scenes, exotic descriptions of far-flung ancient cities and landscapes, flowing dialogue between the warriors, and an attentiveness to historic accuracy, A Young Macedonian is an underrated classic of ancient historical fiction. Alfred John Church was a renowned scholar of classics who studied and taught in universities in London and wider England. An able translator of Greek and Latin, he produced several new editions of ancient works, particularly letters and biographic material. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Diodorus of Sicily Diodorus (Siculus), 1933 |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great Paul Cartledge, 2005-11-01 Alexander the Great is the towering hero of the classical world: a fearless general, the conqueror of the Persians, and the visionary ruler of a vast empire. In this seminal biography, Paul Cartledge, one of the world's foremost scholars of ancient Greece, gives us the most reliable and intimate portrait of the man himself. Cartledge brilliantly evokes Alexander's remarkable political and military accomplishments, cutting through the myths to show why he was such a great leader. He explores our endless obsession with Alexander and gives us insight into both his capacity for brutality and his sensitive grasp of international politics. As he brings Alexander vividly to life, Cartledge also captures his enduring impact on world history and culture. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander 334–323 BC John Warry, 2013-02-20 John Warry, an expert on the warfare of the Classical world, examines the principle battles of Alexander's campaigns in detail. Alexander of Macedonia was undoubtedly one of the greatest generals of all time. In Alexander 334–323 BC, the battles of the Granicus, Issus, Gaugamela, Hydaspes and the difficult siege of Tyre are all discussed at length. These careful studies shed light on Macedonian tactics: in particular the combination of armoured infantry phalanx with fast-moving cavalry. The men and equipment of both Alexander and his Persian enemies are also examined, providing a comprehensive insight into Alexander's life and military actions. Men-at-Arms 148 and Campaign 7 are also available in a single volume special edition as Alexander the Great. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander The Great James Romm, 2005-03-15 Comprising relevant selections from the four ancient writers whose portraits of Alexander the Great still survive--Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius--this volume provides a complete narrative of the important events in Alexander's life. The Introduction sets these works in historical context, stretching from the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War through Alexander's conquest of Asia, and provides an assessment of Alexander's historical importance as well as a survey of the central controversies surrounding his personality, aims and intentions. This edition includes a timeline, maps, a bibliography, a glossary, and an index. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great at War Ruth Sheppard, 2011-03-22 Perhaps the most famous commander of the ancient world, Alexander the Great, and his battles and victories, never cease to fascinate those with any interest in Ancient Greece. He was aged only 20 when he became king of Macedon, but he had already begun to show the military genius that would win him future victories against the mighty Persian Empire. In an epic campaign lasting 11 years, Alexander traveled thousands of miles through deserts, plains and forests, fought huge battles, and besieged many cities to become the master of a massive empire stretching from Greece to India. He died prematurely at the age of just 33, and no man could hold together the empire he had created. A god in his lifetime, his name is still world-famous millennia after his death. This book examines Alexander's campaigns in detail, and his victories - and the tactics that ensured them - are explained and described with the help of maps, illustrations and reconstructions to bring the epic career of one of the ancient civilization's greatest generals to life. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Sieges of Alexander the Great Stephen English, 2010-03-30 During his spectacular career of conquest Alexander the Great attacked many cities and fortresses, never failing to take them. Such operations occupied more of his time than his famous pitched battles and were at least as vital in securing his vast empire. Sieges provided some of the sternest tests for the Macedonian army, and it is perhaps telling that Alexander received most of his many wounds in the shadow of enemy walls. Yet this is the first full-length study concentrating purely on his many dramatic sieges and his mastery of siege craft.Dr. Stephen English describes each of Alexander's sieges, analyzing the strategy, tactics, and technical aspects, such as the innovative and astoundingly ambitious siege engines used. From the shocking destruction of Thebes, through the epic siege of Tyre, which Alexander found an island and left permanently joined to the mainland, to his final (and nearly fatal) combat at the town of the Malli, where he was first to storm the enemy battlements, we see how Alexander's sieges helped make him great.Dr. Stephen English gained a BA in Ancient History and an MA in Classics from Durham University while simultaneously studying for a BSc through the Open University. He went on to gain an MSc from Sunderland University while already working towards his PhD at Durham, under the supervision of renowned classicist PJ Rhodes. His research at Durham focused on the military career of Alexander the Great and forms the basis of this book, as it did of his first, The Army of Alexander the Great. He has also written on the subject for the magazine Ancient Warfare. Dr. English lives in Durham with his partner, Elizabeth, also a writer. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Philip II and Alexander the Great Elizabeth Carney, Daniel Ogden, 2010-06-24 The careers of Philip II and his son Alexander the Great (III) were interlocked in innumerable ways: Philip II centralized ancient Macedonia, created an army of unprecedented skill and flexibility, came to dominate the Greek peninsula, and planned the invasion of the Persian Empire with a combined Graeco-Macedonian force, but it was Alexander who actually led the invading forces, defeated the great Persian Empire, took his army to the borders of modern India, and created a monarchy and empire that, despite its fragmentation, shaped the political, cultural, and religious world of the Hellenistic era. Alexander drove the engine his father had built, but had he not done so, Philip's achievements might have proved as ephemeral as had those of so many earlier Macedonian rulers. On the other hand, some scholars believe that Alexander played a role, direct or indirect, in the murder of his father, so that he could lead the expedition to Asia that his father had organized. In short, it is difficult to understand or assess one without considering the other. This collection of previously unpublished articles looks at the careers and impact of father and son together. Some of the articles consider only one of the Macedonian rulers although most deal with both, and with the relationship, actual or imagined, between the two. The volume will contain articles on military and political history but also articles that look at the self-generated public images of Philip and Alexander, the counter images created by their enemies, and a number that look at how later periods understood them, concluding with the Hollywood depiction of the relationship. Despite the plethora of collected works that deal with Philip and Alexander, this volume promises to make a genuine contribution to the field by focusing specifically on their relationship to one another. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Life of Alexander the Great Quintus Curtius Rufus, 1687 |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: The Generalship of Alexander the Great J. F. C. Fuller, 2003-09 In the 4th cent. B.C., at the age of 20, Alexander fulfilled his father's plans for freeing the Greeks of Asia Minor from Persian rule. He invaded the Persian Empire with 30,000 infantry & 5,000 cavalry & in a series of dazzling campaigns which included the battles of Issus & Gaugamela he defeated Darius & was proclaimed King of Asia. His plans to conquer India were resisted by his men, & death cut short the ambitions of one of the greatest soldiers the world has ever known. Alexander was the model for successors as notable as Julius Caesar & Napoleon Bonaparte, & his campaigns are still studied in mil. academies throughout the world. The first book devoted to the mil. achievements of this great world conqueror.” Maps & B&W photos. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great Jacob Abbott, 1901 |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions Frank L. Holt, 2003-11-24 Annotation A rare set of coin medallions is used to analyze Alexander the Great's reputation for invinceability in war. The book's backbone is the history of the discovery and interpretation of these medallions, to which are added the extraordinary story of Alexander, and a brief introduction to the science of numismatics. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander, Killer of Men David J. Lonsdale, 2004 Alexander the Great was the most successful general in the classical era, perhaps in all of human history. His career was an unbroken run of successes from his first campaign as a cavalry commander at the age of sixteen until his death at the age of thirty-three. By the end of his career he controlled an empire that stretched from the Balkans to Northern India, he has worshipped as a god, and had become the lasting epitome of worldly success. His name is still used today to frighten children in the lands he conquered. David Lonsdale has been studying Alexander's military techniques for more than ten years, as both a lecturer at the United Services Institute and at the University of Reading. Here he explores in detail how Alexander developed and adapted the war machine created by his father Philip. He shows how Alexander supplemented Greek infantry tactics with the innovative use of the specialist and elite units and how Alexander perfected the cavalry charge as a battle-winning manoeuvre based on relentless discipline and heroic leadership. Vital reading for those interested in the history of warfare, Killer of Men reflects the latest understanding of Alexander's war fighting techn |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Combined Arms Warfare in Ancient Greece GRAHAM. WRIGHTSON, 2021-06-30 Combined Arms Warfare in Ancient Greece examines the timelines of military developments that led from the hoplite-based armies of the ancient Greeks to the hugely successful and multi-faceted armies of Philip II, Alexander the Great, and his Successors. It concentrates on the introduction and development of individual units and their tactical coordination and use in battle in what is termed combined arms: the effective integration of different unit types into one cohesive battle plan and army allowing each unit to focus on its strengths without having to worry about its weaknesses. This volume traces the development, and argues for the vital importance, of the use of combined arms in Greek warfare from the Archaic period onwards, especially concerning the Macedonian hegemony, through to its developmental completion in the form of fully integrated warfare at the battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. It argues crucially that warfare should never be viewed in isolation in individual states, regions, conflicts or periods but taken as a collective whole tracing the mutual influence of other cultures and the successful innovations that always result. Wrightson analyses Greek and Macedonian warfare through the lens of modern military theoretical terminology, making this study accessible to those with a general interest in military history as well as those studying this specific period. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Our Young Folk's Plutarch Plutarch, 2022-10-26 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great and His Empire Pierre Briant, 2012-03-25 A classic account of Alexander the Great's conquest and its impact on the conquered—now in English for the first time This is the first publication in English of Pierre Briant's classic short history of Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian empire, from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Eschewing a conventional biographical focus, this is the only book in any language that sets the rise of Alexander's short-lived empire within the broad context of ancient Near Eastern history under Achaemenid Persian rule, as well as against Alexander's Macedonian background. As a renowned historian of both the Macedonians and the Persians, Briant is uniquely able to assess Alexander's significance from the viewpoint of both the conquerors and the conquered, and to trace what changed and what stayed the same as Alexander and the Hellenistic world gained ascendancy over Darius's Persia. After a short account of Alexander's life before his landing in Asia Minor, the book gives a brief overview of the major stages of his conquest. This background sets the stage for a series of concise thematic chapters that explore the origins and objectives of the conquest; the nature and significance of the resistance it met; the administration, defense, and exploitation of the conquered lands; the varying nature of Alexander's relations with the Macedonians, Greeks, and Persians; and the problems of succession following Alexander's death. For this translation, Briant has written a new foreword and conclusion, updated the main text and the thematic annotated bibliography, and added a substantial appendix in which he assesses the current state of scholarship on Alexander and suggests some directions for future research. More than ever, this masterful work provides an original and important perspective on Alexander and his empire. |
| alexander the great battle of granicus: Alexander the Great John Boardman, 2021-06-15 Alexander's defeat of the Persian Empire in 331 BC captured the popular imagination, inspiring an endless series of stories and representations that emerged shortly after his death and continues today. An art historian and archaeologist, Boardman draws on his deep knowledge of Alexander and the ancient world to reflect on the most interesting and emblematic depictions of this towering historical figure.0Some of the stories in this book relate to historical events associated with Alexander's military career and some to the fantasy that has been woven around him, and Boardman relates each with his customary verve and erudition. From Alexander's biographers in ancient Greece to the illustrated Alexander Romances of the Middle Ages to operas, films, and even modern cartoons, this generously illustrated volume takes readers on a fascinating cultural journey as it delivers a perfect pairing of subject and author. |
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
The Battle of the Granicus River - JSTOR
THE BATTLE OF THE GRANICUS RIVER* (PLATE Ia) HISTORIANS have found the battle of the Granicus River the most puzzling of Alexander's battles.' For this there are three reasons. First, the ancient sources are at variance over the time and purpose of Alexander's crossing of the river. Second, the purpose and the effect of Alexander's
Alexander The Great - Great Battles - Institute of Education
At the Granicus River Alexander won his first victory over a Persian army. (a) Give a brief account of the course of the battle (30) (b) What do we learn about Alexander’s qualities of leadership from this battle?
The Battle Tactics of Alexander the Great - ResearchGate
In Arrian, river crossings play an important part in three of the four main battles. At the Granicus, as has been noted, Alexander, in Arrian’s account, had to fight his way across the river ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - rdoforum.gov.ie
31 Aug 2021 · The primary focus is then on each campaign and significant battle fought by Philip or Alexander, detailing how the battles were fought, the tactics of the opposing armies, and how the Macedonians were able to triumph.
Alexander the Great Scheme of Work - The University of Warwick
The Battle of the Granicus 334BC. To be able to describe the main events of the Battle of the Granicus. To analyse the reasons why Alexander was able to win at the Granicus. To evaluate the ancient sources for what they tell us about the Granicus Battle.
Alexander The Great Military Tactics [PDF] - x-plane.com
Alexander the Great's military tactics weren't just a set of rules; they were a dynamic and adaptable system reflecting his ... The Battle of Granicus: A Case Study in Alexander's Early Success: Details Alexander’s first major victory against the Persians, highlighting his use of combined arms and decisive cavalry charges. 2. The Battle of ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - tempsite.gov.ie
studied Alexander's military techniques for more than ten years, explores in detail how Alexander developed and adapted the war machine created by his father, Philip, and shows how Alexander supplemented Greek infantry tactics with the innovative use of the specialist and elite units.
Zhivko Zhekov ADVANCEMENTS IN TACTICAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY ALEXANDER ...
strategically deployed the Companions to the right at Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela. This maneuver compelled the enemy to extend their battle formation to the left, resulting in its fragmentation. Simultaneously, Alexander introduced several innovations, primarily caused by the terrain and the enemy’s battle formation.
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus (PDF) - joshwelch.com
Great Alexander was just 20 when he led his army into battle at Granicus Despite his youth and his army being heavily outnumbered he was victorious and it was this victory that allowed him to conquer Asia Minor
Alexander The Great Granicus - archive.ncarb.org
Concept: This book will re-imagine the Battle of Granicus, Alexander the Great's first major victory, not as a dry recounting of military tactics, but as a gripping narrative focusing on the individual experiences of soldiers from both the Macedonian and Persian armies.
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus
In this biography, author Jacob Abbott recounts the life and times of Alexander the Great. He takes readers through the king’s early years, including his youth and education, as well as his relationship with his parents. The history continues with Alexander’s ascension to the throne at the age of twenty and details all the drama and
Alexander The Greats Speech [PDF] - cie-advances.asme.org
One of the best documented examples, albeit indirectly, is Alexander's address to his troops before the Battle of Granicus River in 334 BC. This was a crucial battle, the first major confrontation with the Persian Empire. Facing a vastly superior enemy, Alexander needed to inspire unwavering courage and a belief in victory.
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - tempsite.gov.ie
The son of the great King Philip II of Macedonia, Alexander was educated by Aristotle and commanded a wing of his father's army in the victory over the Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of Chaeronea—all when he was still just a
ANCIENT HISTORY: ALEXANDER THE GREAT - TSFX
Alexander the Great succeeded Philip II to the throne of Macedon in 336BC. Alexander strived to continue his father’s plans of invasion against the Persians. Unrest in Greece following his father’s death was suppressed with Alexander’s swift march through the centre of Greece on the Balkan campaign in 350 BC.
Alexander the Great’s Characteristics, from the Perspective of The ...
the Battle of Granicus River was so important, what was the Amy forces of both sides, what the battle was like, and eventually, what was the aftermath of the fight.
Alexander the Great
Battle Chaeronea 338. 336 Philip assassinated, Alexander king (20) 334 Troy/ sacrifices to Achilles/shield Granicus, wounded 333 Issus, wounded "So would I" 332 Tyre Egypt Son of Zeus-Ammon; Alexandria founded 331 Babylon 330 Persepolis Alex. Emperor Death of Darius Afghanistan, Bactria, Pakistan -- Roxanne 327 Khyber Pass > India Men stop in ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - oldstore.motogp
4 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus 2023-08-20 being engulfed by wild barbarian tribes to the north and wily Greek cities to the south. Philip had to expand the power of the...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus (2023) - oldstore.motogp
Alexander the Great explores the background, personality, and battle tactics of a legendary conqueror, whose prowess in battle cemented his name in human history. The...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus .pdf - oldstore.motogp
In just 11 years, Alexander the Great’s armies marched 22,000 miles (35,000 km), subjugated Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, conquered the mighty Persian Empire, and invaded India.
Memnon of Rhodes at the Granicus - JSTOR
battle of the Granicus River, scholars often read too much or too little into the surviving evidence. Take, for instance, the case of Memnon ... ian I: E. Badian, "Alexander the Great and the Greeks of Asia," in Ancient Society and Institutions (New York 1967), 37-69. Badian II: E. Badian, "The Battle of the Granicus:
LEVELED BOOK Z 2 Alexander the Great - Great Hearts Archway …
Front cover: Alexander the Great accepts the surrender of an enemy in India. Title page: A statue of Alexander the Great Page 3: Artwork shows Alexander training his horse named Bucephalus.
BADIAN ON ALEXANDER - JSTOR
literary problems affecting our understanding of the 'Battle of the Granicus'. 'The Deification of Alexander the Great', which B. admits is a subject which has gained plenty of attention from historians, traces the development through source material of Alexander's (and in the appendix Philip II's) desire to be deified. 'Greeks and Macedonians ...
CLCS 380: ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE HELLENISTIC …
diagram Macedonian battles (Battle of Chaeronea, Battle of the Granicus River; Battle of Issos; Siege of Tyre; Battle of Gaugamela; Battle of the Hydaspes). These presentations require at least two volunteers, one to diagram the movements of the Macedonian Army; one to diagram those of the adversaries. All others can be presented by one student.
Concerning Alexander: The History of Alexander the Great by Cleitarchus
Book 2: Winter 335BC – June 334BC; Crossing into Asia, Battle at the Granicus Summary Sources References Comment Crossing to Asia and preparations; Alexander’s gifts to his friends, Alexander took with him the most capable Thracian kings, dye on priests hands left marks foretelling victory on victims’ livers Justin 11.5.1-9 Plutarch 15.2-3
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander the Great - Cambridge Scholars Publishing
1. Granicus – the first victory 2. Freedom for Greeks of Asia 3. ... 3. The battle of Gaugamela 4. Babylon, Susa and Persepolis 5. The death of Darius III 6. Philotas affair and the fall of Parmenion ... Alexander the Great ix and other regions of the ancient world (e.g. Holt, 1988; Eggermont, 1993;
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Oliver Stone’s Unmanning of Alexander the Great in LEXANDER …
ranging from the fall of Troy to the battle of Thermopylae to the conquests of Alexander the Great.1 While GladiatorTroy, (2004), and 300 (2007) tend to share a common patriarchal characterization of the male protagonist as a hero who is strong, active, and above all, heterosexual, Oliver Stone’s film Alexander (2004) presents the
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus - newredlist-es-data1 ...
3 Alexander The Great Battle Of Granicus Published at newredlist-es-data1.iucnredlist.org Alexander’s personal involvement at the head of the Companion Cavalry proved crucial. His daring charge across the river, directly into the heart of the Persian line, broke their formation and instilled fear and disarray among the enemy ranks. ...
