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| project failure case study in project management: Project Recovery Harold Kerzner, 2014-02-07 Best practices for picking up the pieces when projects fail There are plenty of books available offering best practices that help you keep your projects on track, but offer guidance on what to do when the worst has already happened. Some studies show that more than half of all large-scale project fail either fail completely, or at least miss targeted budget and scheduling goals. These failures cost organizations time, money, and labor. Project Recovery offers wise guidance and real-world best practices for saving failed projects and recovering as much value as possible from the wreckage. Since failing project cannot be managed using the same lifecycle phases employed with succeeding projects, most project management professionals are unprepared to tackle the challenge of project recovery. This book presents valuable case studies and a recovery project lifecycle to help project managers identify and respond effectively to a troubled project. Includes case studies and best practices for saving failing projects or recovering projects that have already failed Written by experience project manager Howard Kerzner, the author of Project Management Best Practices, Third Edition Features proven techniques for performing project health checks and determining the degree of failure and the recovery options available Includes a new recovery lifecycle that includes phases and checklists for turning around failing projects With comprehensive case studies, checklists, worksheets, and cross listings to the appropriate project management body of knowledge, Project Recovery offers a much needed lifeline for managers facing the specter of failure. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Harold Kerzner, 2013-01-22 A new edition of the most popular book of project management case studies, expanded to include more than 100 cases plus a super case on the Iridium Project Case studies are an important part of project management education and training. This Fourth Edition of Harold Kerzner's Project Management Case Studies features a number of new cases covering value measurement in project management. Also included is the well-received super case, which covers all aspects of project management and may be used as a capstone for a course. This new edition: Contains 100-plus case studies drawn from real companies to illustrate both successful and poor implementation of project management Represents a wide range of industries, including medical and pharmaceutical, aerospace, manufacturing, automotive, finance and banking, and telecommunications Covers cutting-edge areas of construction and international project management plus a super case on the Iridium Project, covering all aspects of project management Follows and supports preparation for the Project Management Professional (PMP®) Certification Exam Project Management Case Studies, Fourth Edition is a valuable resource for students, as well as practicing engineers and managers, and can be used on its own or with the new Eleventh Edition of Harold Kerzner's landmark reference, Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. (PMP and Project Management Professional are registered marks of the Project Management Institute, Inc.) |
| project failure case study in project management: Evaluating Project Decisions Carol L. Hoover, Mel Rosso-Llopart, Gil Taran, 2009-10-27 Effective decisions are crucial to the success of any software project, but to make better decisions you need a better decision-making process. In Evaluating Project Decisions, leading project management experts introduce an innovative decision model that helps you tailor your decision-making process to systematically evaluate all of your decisions and avoid the bad choices that lead to project failure. Using a real-world, case study approach, the authors show how to evaluate software project problems and situations more effectively, thoughtfully assess your alternatives, and improve the decisions you make. Drawing on their own extensive research and experience, the authors bridge software engineering theory and practice, offering guidance that is both well-grounded and actionable. They present dozens of detailed examples from both successful and unsuccessful projects, illustrating what to do and what not to do. Evaluating Project Decisions will help you to analyze your options and ultimately make better decisions at every stage in your project, including: Requirements–Elicitation, description, verification, validation, negotiation, contracting, and management over the software life cycle Estimates–Conceptual solution design, decomposition, resource and overhead allocation, estimate construction, and change management Planning–Defining objectives, policies, and scope; planning tasks, milestones, schedules, budgets, staff and other resources; and managing projects against plans Product–Proper product definition, development process management, QA, configuration management, delivery, installation, training, and field service Process–Defining, selecting, understanding, teaching, and measuring processes; evaluating process performance; and process improvement or optimization In addition, you will see how to evaluate decisions related to risk, people, stakeholder expectations, and global development. Simply put, you’ll use what you learn here on every project, in any industry, whatever your goals, and for projects of any duration, size, or type. |
| project failure case study in project management: Rescue the Problem Project Todd C. Williams, 2011 Rescue the Problem Project provides project managers, executives, and customers with ways to accurately assess issues and fix problems. Many books explain how to run a project, but only this one shows how to bring it back from the brink of disaster. |
| project failure case study in project management: Megaproject Management Virginia A. Greiman, 2013-06-17 Project management lessons learned on the Big Dig, America's biggest megaproject, by a core member responsible for its daily operations In Megaproject Management, a central member of the Big Dig team reveals the numerous risks, challenges, and accomplishments of the most complex urban infrastructure project in the history of the United States. Drawing on personal experience and interviews with project engineers, executive oversight commission officials, and core managers, the author, a former deputy counsel and risk manager for the Big Dig, develops new insights as she describes the realities of day-to-day management of the project from a project manager's perspective. The book incorporates both theory and practice and is therefore highly recommended to policymakers, academics, and project management practitioners. Focusing on lessons learned, this insightful coursebook presents the Big Dig as a massive case study in the management of risk, cost, and schedule, particularly the interrelation of technical, legal, political, and social factors. It provides an analysis of the difficulties in managing megaprojects during each phase and over the life span of the project, while delivering useful lessons on why projects go wrong and what can be done to prevent project failure. It also offers new ideas to enhance project management performance and innovation in our global society. This unique guide: Defines megaproject characteristics and frameworks Reviews the Big Dig's history, stakeholders, and governance Examines the project's management scope, scheduling, and cost management including project delays and cost overruns Analyzes the Big Dig's risk management and quality management Reveals how to build a sustainable project through integration and change introduction |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Case Studies and Lessons Learned M. Kemal Atesmen, 2014-12-01 Project managers who lead globally dispersed teams face unique challenges in managing project stakeholders, scope, knowledge sharing, schedules, resources, and above all team execution in a global business environment. Finding timely solutions to challenging events becomes more difficult in a global project environment. This book presents more than |
| project failure case study in project management: Case Studies in Project, Program, and Organizational Project Management Dragan Z. Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul, Sabin Srivannaboon, 2011-08-17 The ever expanding market need for information on how to apply project management principles and the PMBOK® contents to day-to-day business situations has been met by our case studies book by Harold Kerzner. That book was a spin-off from and ancillary to his best selling text but has gained a life of its own beyond adopters of that textbook. All indications are that the market is hungry for more cases while our own need to expand the content we control, both in-print and online woudl benefit from such an expansion of project management case content. The authors propose to produce a book of cases that compliment Kerzner's book. A book that offers cases beyond the general project management areas and into PMI®'s growth areas of program management and organizational project management. The book will be structured to follow the PMBOK in coverage so that it can not only be used to supplement project management courses, but also for self sudy and training courses for the PMP® Exam. (PMI, PMBOK, PMP, and Project Management Professional are registered marks of the Project Management Institute, Inc.) |
| project failure case study in project management: Strategies in Failure Management Sebastian Kunert, 2018-06-04 This book offers a comprehensive overview of failure in business, management and consulting. It features contributions by experts from diverse fields, who share unique insights from their real-life experiences. Readers will find perspectives from leadership, project management, change management, innovation management, human resource management, counseling, restructuring, entrepreneurship and sports. Each chapter combines the latest empirical findings with relevant case studies, making for a unique book that offers a fascinating exploration of the largely unexplored area of setbacks, pitfalls, flops and disappointments in the business world. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Case Studies Harold Kerzner, 2022-03-15 The latest edition in the gold standard of project management case study collections As a critical part of any successful, competitive business, project management sits at the intersection of several functional areas. And in the newly revised Sixth Edition of Project Management Case Studies, world-renowned project management professional Dr. Harold Kerzner delivers practical and in-depth coverage of project management in industries as varied as automotive, healthcare, government, manufacturing, communications, construction, chemical, aerospace, and more. The latest edition of this bestselling book acts as the perfect supplement to any project management textbook or as an aid in the preparation for the PMP certification exam. The author includes new topics, like risk management, information sharing, scope changes, crisis dashboards, and innovation. The Sixth Edition includes ten new case studies and a wide array of updates to existing cases to meet today’s industry standards and reflect the unique challenges facing modern project management professionals. This new edition: Features 10 new case studies from LEGO, NorthStar, Berlin Brandenburg Airport, and more Includes over 100 case studies drawn from real companies illustrating successful and poor implementation of project management Provides coverage of broad areas of project management as well as focused content on the automotive, healthcare, government, manufacturing, communications, construction, chemical, and aerospace industries Offers new topics including risk management, information sharing, scope changes, crisis dashboards, and innovation Perfect for students taking courses on project management during their undergraduate degrees and at the graduate level as part of an MBA or graduate engineering program, Project Management Case Studies is also an indispensable resource for consulting and training companies who work with other professionals. |
| project failure case study in project management: Adaptive Leadership: The Heifetz Collection (3 Items) Ronald A. Heifetz, Marty Linsky, 2014-09-23 In times of constant change, adaptive leadership is critical. This Harvard Business Review collection brings together the seminal ideas on how to adapt and thrive in challenging environments, from leading thinkers on the topic—most notably Ronald A. Heifetz of the Harvard Kennedy School and Cambridge Leadership Associates. The Heifetz Collection includes two classic books: Leadership on the Line, by Ron Heifetz and Marty Linsky, and The Practice of Adaptive Leadership, by Heifetz, Linsky, and Alexander Grashow. Also included is the popular Harvard Business Review article, “Leadership in a (Permanent) Crisis,” written by all three authors. Available together for the first time, this collection includes full digital editions of each work. Adaptive leadership is a practical framework for dealing with today’s mix of urgency, high stakes, and uncertainty. It has been used by individuals, organizations, businesses, and governments worldwide. In a world of challenging environments, adaptive leadership serves as a guide to distinguishing the essential from the expendable, beginning the meaningful process of adaption, and changing the status quo. Ronald A. Heifetz is a cofounder of the international leadership and consulting practice Cambridge Leadership Associates (CLA) and the founding director of the Center for Public Leadership at the Harvard Kennedy School. He is renowned worldwide for his innovative work on the practice and teaching of leadership. Marty Linsky is a cofounder of CLA and has taught at the Kennedy School for more than twenty-five years. Alexander Grashow is a Senior Advisor to CLA, having previously held the position of CEO. |
| project failure case study in project management: Expert Judgment in Project Management Paul S. Szwed, 2016-04-01 Expert judgment is a major source of information that can provide vital input to project managers, who must ensure that projects are completed successfully, on time, and on budget. Too often, however, companies lack detailed processes for finding and consulting with experts—making it hard to match the required know-how with the project at hand. In Expert Judgment in Project Management: Narrowing the Theory-Practice Gap, Paul S. Szwed provides research that will help project managers become more adept at using expert judgment effectively. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management: Step by Step Richard Newton, 2016-08-12 You’ve been given a project to run. You know you need to get it right, but you don’t know what you need to do and in what order to make sure it all runs smoothly and you come out of it looking great. You need Project Management Step by Step. Almost every manager and businessperson finds at some time they need to complete a task that has sufficient complexity and importance that an ad-hoc approach to getting it done is just not enough. Managers in this common situation need the structure and rigour of a project management approach, yet very few managers are formally trained in project management or have the inclination, time or finances to become trained. They need an approach they can feel confident is sufficiently robust to ensure their success, but also simple enough to be immediately applicable. Project Management Step by Step provides the solution to this problem; a practical and immediate way to become a competent project manager. The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed. |
| project failure case study in project management: Advanced Project Management Harold Kerzner, 2003-12-01 ADVANCED PROJECT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITATIVE STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING PROJECT MANAGEMENT Senior managers at world-class corporations open their office doors to discuss case studies that demonstrate their thought processes and actual strategies that helped them lead their companies to excellence in project management in less than six years! Following the Project Management Institute’s Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®), industry leaders address: Project risk management Project portfolio management The Project Office Project management multinational cultures Integrated project teams and virtual project teams |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management in Manufacturing and High Technology Operations Adedeji Bodunde Badiru, 1996-06-07 Project management is a system originally developed within the construction industry for controlling schedules, costs, and specifications of large multitask projects. In recent years, manufacturers have discovered that project management's time-tested techniques dovetail neatly with the current thinking on quality control and management in a highly competitive global marketplace. The system has been increasingly recognized for its suitability in the manufacturing process and is now applied in virtually every area of production. One of the foremost proponents of this trend is Adedeji Badiru, an internationally recognized authority on project management, whose books have helped thousands of companies adapt the system to their particular needs. This completely revised Second Edition of Badiru's breakthrough publication, Project Management in Manufacturing and High Technology Operations, focuses on the dramatic increase in the use of high-tech machinery in industrial operations, and seamlessly integrates high-tech themes into a general discussion of project management. An introductory chapter on manufacturing analysis investigates how the latest concepts and techniques of project management are applied to manufacturing. The main body of the book offers a wealth of new material, including discussions of learning curve analysis, basic models for forecasting and inventory control, economic analysis of manufacturing, techniques for data analysis, and the application of expert systems. The chapter on computer applications in project management is completely revised and updated to reflect the enormous strides taken in this area in recent years. This book presents an up-to-date, practical approach to project management in manufacturing. Written by a pioneer in the application of project management to the manufacturing industries, this revised and expanded Second Edition of Project Management in Manufacturing and High Technology Operations reflects the increased use of high-tech machinery in industrial operations and the trends of recent years to apply project management methods to every phase of production. Complete with numerous illustrations, as well as exercises to wrap up each chapter, this Second Edition features: An emphasis on practical examples, including many new case studies, and a full chapter on the lessons learned from the space shuttle Challenger disaster Many new project management concepts and techniques that focus on manufacturing but can be applied to any project A new chapter on manufacturing systems analysis that provides the backdrop for the project analysis that takes place throughout the book Expanded discussions of the latest quantitative and managerial approaches, including learning curve analysis, basic models for forecasting and inventory control, economic analysis of manufacturing, techniques for data analysis, and the application of expert systems A strong international perspective, useful for multinational companies and for academic purposes This book equips engineers and managers with the tools to effectively manage all aspects of a project, including quality control, schedules, and expenses. Used as a text in engineering or business courses, it offers absorbing supplemental reading for students at the upper undergraduate and graduate levels. Professor Badiru has been widely praised for his incisive and highly relevant case studies. In this Second Edition, the case-study approach is expanded so that chapters typically include two real-world examples of the project management techniques or issues in question. In the final chapter, Badiru takes a close and painful look at a high-tech disaster, the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger. He offers rare and instructive insight into the devastating failure of a high-tech project—still poignant, despite the passage of time. Communicative throughout, this volume provides a solid, up-to-date reference for engineers and managers in manufacturing, as well as for consultants and administrators in related fields. Professor Badiru's proven reputation for providing interesting lecture material also makes Project Management in Manufacturing and High Technology Operations especially useful as a technology management text in both engineering and business schools. Cover Design/Illustration: David Levy |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Blunders Mark Kozak-Holland, 2012-04 White Star's initiative to build its new Olympic-class ships can be described as a text book project. It started off very well in the initiation and planning phases: the project team had a very good understanding of the business and customer needs, a solid vision, a superlative business case, the right supplier partnerships, good stakeholder relationships, and a healthy balance of proven and emerging technologies. By the end of the design phase, however, decisions were made that compromised safety features. The architects assumed that the aggregated effect of the reduced safety features and advanced technologies would still protect the ships. By the end of the fitting-out phase, all key stakeholders believed that the ships could never founder. The belief in Titanic's invincibility grew through the sea trials and into the maiden voyage. Everyone-from the captain and crew to the 53 millionaires on board-believed this. Why else would the wealthy and powerful have filled the hold and safes with cars and riches, and come aboard on a potentially treacherous route? Fundamentally, they believed that man had conquered nature and there was little risk. This book reveals the project management blunders that doomed Titanic while it was still being built-mistakes that you can avoid repeating in your own projects. Filled with photos and copies of actual documents from the project, this book walks you through a case study in project management failure. |
| project failure case study in project management: Why Startups Fail Tom Eisenmann, 2021-03-30 If you want your startup to succeed, you need to understand why startups fail. “Whether you’re a first-time founder or looking to bring innovation into a corporate environment, Why Startups Fail is essential reading.”—Eric Ries, founder and CEO, LTSE, and New York Times bestselling author of The Lean Startup and The Startup Way Why do startups fail? That question caught Harvard Business School professor Tom Eisenmann by surprise when he realized he couldn’t answer it. So he launched a multiyear research project to find out. In Why Startups Fail, Eisenmann reveals his findings: six distinct patterns that account for the vast majority of startup failures. • Bad Bedfellows. Startup success is thought to rest largely on the founder’s talents and instincts. But the wrong team, investors, or partners can sink a venture just as quickly. • False Starts. In following the oft-cited advice to “fail fast” and to “launch before you’re ready,” founders risk wasting time and capital on the wrong solutions. • False Promises. Success with early adopters can be misleading and give founders unwarranted confidence to expand. • Speed Traps. Despite the pressure to “get big fast,” hypergrowth can spell disaster for even the most promising ventures. • Help Wanted. Rapidly scaling startups need lots of capital and talent, but they can make mistakes that leave them suddenly in short supply of both. • Cascading Miracles. Silicon Valley exhorts entrepreneurs to dream big. But the bigger the vision, the more things that can go wrong. Drawing on fascinating stories of ventures that failed to fulfill their early promise—from a home-furnishings retailer to a concierge dog-walking service, from a dating app to the inventor of a sophisticated social robot, from a fashion brand to a startup deploying a vast network of charging stations for electric vehicles—Eisenmann offers frameworks for detecting when a venture is vulnerable to these patterns, along with a wealth of strategies and tactics for avoiding them. A must-read for founders at any stage of their entrepreneurial journey, Why Startups Fail is not merely a guide to preventing failure but also a roadmap charting the path to startup success. |
| project failure case study in project management: HBR Guide to Project Management (HBR Guide Series) Harvard Business Review, 2013-01-08 MEET YOUR GOALS—ON TIME AND ON BUDGET. How do you rein in the scope of your project when you’ve got a group of demanding stakeholders breathing down your neck? And map out a schedule everyone can stick to? And motivate team members who have competing demands on their time and attention? Whether you’re managing your first project or just tired of improvising, this guide will give you the tools and confidence you need to define smart goals, meet them, and capture lessons learned so future projects go even more smoothly. The HBR Guide to Project Management will help you: Build a strong, focused team Break major objectives into manageable tasks Create a schedule that keeps all the moving parts under control Monitor progress toward your goals Manage stakeholders’ expectations Wrap up your project and gauge its success |
| project failure case study in project management: Construction Manager-at-risk Project Delivery for Highway Programs Douglas D. Gransberg, Jennifer Sue Shane, 2010 TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 402: Construction Manager-at-Risk Project Delivery for Highway Programs explores current methods in which state departments of transportation and other public engineering agencies are applying construction manager-at-risk (CMR) project delivery to their construction projects. CMR project delivery is an integrated team approach to the planning, design, and construction of a highway project, to help control schedule and budget, and to help ensure quality for the project owner. The team consists of the owner; the designer, who might be an in-house engineer; and the at-risk construction manager. The goal of this project delivery method is to engage at-risk construction expertise early in the design process to enhance constructability, manage risk, and facilitate concurrent execution of design and construction without the owner relinquishing control over the details of design as it would in a design-build project. |
| project failure case study in project management: Success and Failure of IS/IT Projects D. Laurie Hughes, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Antonis C. Simintiras, Nripendra P. Rana, 2015-10-28 This book examines the link between change and project management and how creating a closer alignment between these two methodologies can yield greater benefits and mitigate elements of failure of information systems (IS) projects. This study explores the underlying challenges and practicalities of closer integration of the two disciplines and asserts that such a successful change goes beyond the simple training of project managers in the practitioner context. Instead, it requires organizations to conceptualize the necessary challenges to realize the potential benefits of this recommended integrated approach. The integration of both project and change management has been advocated in existing research, but the challenges of moving from a current position of separate methodologies, different standards bodies and in some cases totally separate organizational structures, is a step change for many organizations. Change initiatives where good change management practices are implemented, can increase the probability of successful organizational change. The tasks of leading and sustaining change can be complex and often entail the interplay of multiple factors involving action by people at every level of the business. This book offers a guide that identifies the barriers and major challenges that may arise in the development of the closer integration of change and project management. With a better understanding of these issues, organizations can avoid such pitfalls when establishing their own integrated approach. |
| project failure case study in project management: Fundamentals of Project Management James P. Lewis, 2002 Updated concepts and tools to set up project plans, schedule work, monitor progress-and consistently achieve desired project results.In today's time-based and cost-conscious global business environment, tight project deadlines and stringent expectations are the norm. This classic book provides businesspeople with an excellent introduction to project management, supplying sound, basic information (along with updated tools and techniques) to understand and master the complexities and nuances of project management. Clear and down-to-earth, this step-by-step guide explains how to effectively spearhead every stage of a project-from developing the goals and objectives to managing the project team-and make project management work in any company. This updated second edition includes: * New material on the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) * Do's and don'ts of implementing scheduling software* Coverage of the PMP certification offered by the Project Management Institute* Updated information on developing problem statements and mission statements* Techniques for implementing today's project management technologies in any organization-in any industry. |
| project failure case study in project management: Fail-Safe Management Jody Zall Kusek, Marelize Goergens Prestidge, Billy C. Hamilton, 2013-05-01 There are five critical rules to keep in mind in development projects, to avoid implementation failure: If you do not know where you are going, ask the right questions; Keep your champions close, but your naysayers closer; Know that informal networks matter; Find and remove bottlenecks; Build the ship as it sails. |
| project failure case study in project management: Managing the Urgent and Unexpected Mr Stephen Wearne, Professor Keith White-Hunt, 2014-10-28 Sometimes unanticipated threats or opportunities create a situation in which work is required unexpectedly. On these occasions, such urgent and unexpected work demands an instant start, in contrast to the often lengthy processes of investigation, evaluation, development, selection and planning normal in businesses and public services before the start of a project. Managing the Urgent and Unexpected explores what is different managerially if work is unexpected, its implementation is urgent and an immediate start it is required. The authors draw on twelve cases ranging from the launch of the Freeview television system in the United Kingdom to the sifting and removal of the New York World Trade Center pile of debris following the 9/11 terrorist attack. They summarise how the response to each of these events was managed, demonstrate that opportunities may sometimes be created in the face of adversity and suggest how normal organizations can prepare to manage abnormal demands. Urgent and unexpected projects have to be rare in business or government to be economically and socially tolerable. And yet organizations can and should be prepared for the unexpected. The lessons offered here will help private and public organizations plan how to authorize and support future urgent work to take advantage of immediate new business opportunities or to protect or restore systems and services. |
| project failure case study in project management: Identifying and Managing Project Risk Tom Kendrick, 2009-02-27 Winner of the Project Management Institute’s David I. Cleland Project Management Literature Award 2010 It’s no wonder that project managers spend so much time focusing their attention on risk identification. Important projects tend to be time constrained, pose huge technical challenges, and suffer from a lack of adequate resources. Identifying and Managing Project Risk, now updated and consistent with the very latest Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)® Guide, takes readers through every phase of a project, showing them how to consider the possible risks involved at every point in the process. Drawing on real-world situations and hundreds of examples, the book outlines proven methods, demonstrating key ideas for project risk planning and showing how to use high-level risk assessment tools. Analyzing aspects such as available resources, project scope, and scheduling, this new edition also explores the growing area of Enterprise Risk Management. Comprehensive and completely up-to-date, this book helps readers determine risk factors thoroughly and decisively...before a project gets derailed. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Analytics Harjit Singh, 2015-11-12 To manage projects, you must not only control schedules and costs: you must also manage growing operational uncertainty. Today’s powerful analytics tools and methods can help you do all of this far more successfully. In Project Management Analytics, Harjit Singh shows how to bring greater evidence-based clarity and rationality to all your key decisions throughout the full project lifecycle. Singh identifies the components and characteristics of a good project decision and shows how to improve decisions by using predictive, prescriptive, statistical, and other methods. You’ll learn how to mitigate risks by identifying meaningful historical patterns and trends; optimize allocation and use of scarce resources within project constraints; automate data-driven decision-making processes based on huge data sets; and effectively handle multiple interrelated decision criteria. Singh also helps you integrate analytics into the project management methods you already use, combining today’s best analytical techniques with proven approaches such as PMI PMBOK® and Lean Six Sigma. Project managers can no longer rely on vague impressions or seat-of-the-pants intuition. Fortunately, you don’t have to. With Project Management Analytics, you can use facts, evidence, and knowledge—and get far better results. Achieve efficient, reliable, consistent, and fact-based project decision-making Systematically bring data and objective analysis to key project decisions Avoid “garbage in, garbage out” Properly collect, store, analyze, and interpret your project-related data Optimize multi-criteria decisions in large group environments Use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to improve complex real-world decisions Streamline projects the way you streamline other business processes Leverage data-driven Lean Six Sigma to manage projects more effectively |
| project failure case study in project management: ADKAR Jeff Hiatt, 2006 In his first complete text on the ADKAR model, Jeff Hiatt explains the origin of the model and explores what drives each building block of ADKAR. Learn how to build awareness, create desire, develop knowledge, foster ability and reinforce changes in your organization. The ADKAR Model is changing how we think about managing the people side of change, and provides a powerful foundation to help you succeed at change. |
| project failure case study in project management: Poverty in the Philippines Asian Development Bank, 2009-12-01 Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and commodity prices, addressing poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. The proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged population growth, are considered some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction efforts. This publication analyzes the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and achieve more inclusive growth. it also provides an overview of current government responses, strategies, and achievements in the fight against poverty and identifies and prioritizes future needs and interventions. The analysis is based on current literature and the latest available data, including the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. |
| project failure case study in project management: Opening the XBox Dean Takahashi, 2002 Is this new Microsoft venture just another experiment that, like WebTV, was launched to much fanfare but will be quickly forgotten? Or will it become the next Windows, finding its way into the homes and lives of millions of people around the world?. |
| project failure case study in project management: Grand Successes and Failures in IT: Public and Private Sectors Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Helle Zinner Henriksen, David Wastell, Rahul De', 2013-06-22 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.6 International Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT, TDIT 2013, held in Bangalore, India, in June 2013. The 35 revised full papers presented together with an invited paper, 12 short papers and 3 poster papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 65 submissions. The full papers are organized in the following topical sections: IS success and failure; studies of IT adoption; software development; IT in the public sector; and theory and methods. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Methodologies, Governance and Success Robert Joslin, 2019-04-30 Project management methodologies, practices, and guidelines are the only explicit information that project managers have and, when properly maintained, should reflect the most current knowledge and guidance to achieve repeatable successful project outcomes. Despite more than 50 years of research in the field of project management, project success r |
| project failure case study in project management: Handbook on Innovation and Project Management Andrew Davies, Sylvain Lenfle, Christoph H. Loch, Christophe Midler, 2023-10-06 Identifying the origins and evolution of innovation and project management, this unique Handbook explains why and how the two fields have grown and developed as separate disciplines, highlighting how and why they are now converging. It explores the theoretical and practical connections between the management of innovations and projects, examining the close relationship between the disciplines. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Management Best Practices: Achieving Global Excellence Harold Kerzner, 2018-03-20 The comprehensive guide to project management implementation, updated with the latest in the field Project management has spread beyond the IT world to become a critical part of business in every sphere; built on efficiency, analysis, and codified practice, professional project management leads to the sort of reproducible results and reliable processes that make a business successful. Project Management Best Practices provides implementation guidance for every phase of a project, based on the real-world methodologies from leading companies around the globe. Updated to align with the industry’s latest best practices, this new Fourth Edition includes new discussion on Agile and Scrum, tradeoffs and constraints, Portfolio PMO tools, and much more. Get up-to-date information on the latest best practices that add value at every level of an organization Gain insight from more than 50 project managers at world-class organizations including Airbus, Heineken, RTA, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Sony, Cisco, Nokia, and more Delve deeper into implementation guidance for Agile, Scrum, and Six Sigma Explore more efficient methodologies, training, measurement, and metrics that boost organization-wide performance Adopt new approaches to culture and behavioral excellence, including conflict resolution, situational leadership, proactive management, staffing, and more Ideal for both college and corporate training, this book is accompanied by an Instructor’s Manual and PowerPoint lecture slides that bring project management concepts right into the classroom. As the field continues to grow and evolve, it becomes increasingly important to stay current with new and established practices; this book provides comprehensive guidance on every aspect of project management, with invaluable real-world insight from leaders in the field. |
| project failure case study in project management: Harvard Business Review Project Management Handbook Antonio Nieto-Rodriguez, 2021-10-19 The one primer you need to launch, lead, and sponsor successful projects. We're now living in the project economy. The number of projects initiated in all sectors has skyrocketed, and project management skills have become essential for every leader and manager. Still, project failure rates remain extremely high. Why? Leaders oversee too many projects and have too little visibility into them. Project managers struggle to translate their hands-on, technical knowledge up to senior management. The result? Worthy projects are starved of time and resources and fail to deliver benefits, while too much investment goes into the wrong projects. To compete in the project economy, you need to close this gap. The HBR Project Management Handbook shows you how. In this comprehensive guide, project management expert Antonio Nieto-Rodriguez presents a new and simple framework that will increase any project's likelihood of success. Packed with case studies from many industries worldwide, it will teach you how to manage your organization's projects, strategic programs, and agile initiatives more effectively and push the best ones ahead to completion. Timeless yet forward-looking, this book will help you win in the project-driven world. In the HBR Project Management Handbook you'll find: Everything you need to know about project management in practical, nontechnical language A definitive taxonomy of project types, from product launches to digital transformations to megaprojects A road map for becoming an effective project leader and executive sponsor A new, simple, and universal project framework, the Project Canvas, that breaks down any project into essential building blocks that can be easily understood by all project stakeholders Original concepts and exclusive case studies from public- and private-sector organizations worldwide You'll learn: A common language for project managers and executives to run successful projects across your organization When to use agile, traditional, or hybrid methods in your projects The twelve principles of successful projects, including purpose, agility, and a focus on outcomes Techniques for selecting and advancing the best projects and managing a strategic and balanced project portfolio How today's projects will help address some of the most pressing global trends, including automation, sustainability, diversity, and crisis management Why project management needed to be reinvented and what the future holds HBR Handbooks provide ambitious professionals with the frameworks, advice, and tools they need to excel in their careers. With step-by-step guidance, time-honed best practices, and real-life stories, each comprehensive volume helps you to stand out from the pack—whatever your role. |
| project failure case study in project management: Information and Communication Technologies in Public Administration Christopher Reddick, Leonidas Anthopoulos, 2015-04-08 An examination of how information technology (IT) can be used in public administration, Information and Communication Technologies in Public Administration: Innovations from Developed Countries examines global perspectives on public administration and IT innovations. This book illustrates the theoretical context of current policies, issues, and imp |
| project failure case study in project management: Systems for Sustainability Frank A. Stowell, Ray L. Ison, Rosalind Armson, Jacky Holloway, Sue Jackson, Steve McRobb, 2013-11-11 The term sustainability has entered the lexicon of many academic disciplines and fields of professional practice, but to date does not appear to have been seriously consid ered within the systems community unless, perhaps, under other guises. Within the wider community there is no consensus around what sustainability means with some authors identifying 70 to 100 definitions of the term. Some see sustainability as the precise and quantifiable outcomes of biological systems whilst others see it in terms of processes rele vant to personal and organizational change with the potential to effect changes in our rela tionships with out environments. Internationally it has been increasingly used in relation to the term sustainable development--a term popularised by the Brundland Commis of definitions sion's report in 1987 entitled Our Common Future. Despite this diversity and polarised perception on its utility, unlike many other popular terms, it has not had its time and subsided quietly from our language. It is therefore timely for the systems com munity to explore the relationship between systems and sustainability in a range of con texts. Participants in this, the 5th International Conference of the United Kingdom Systems Society (UKSS), have been invited to reflect critically on the contribution of sys tems thinking and action to sustainability-to the sustainability of personal relationships, the organizations in which live and work, and our natural environment. |
| project failure case study in project management: Building A Body Of Knowledge In Project Management In Developing Countries George Ofori, 2023-06-22 This book presents a state-of-the-art account of the recent developments and needs for project management in developing countries. It adds to the current state of knowledge on project management in general by capturing current trends, how they widen the content and scope of the field, and why there is a need for a specialist body of knowledge for developing countries. Eminent experts in this domain address the specific nature and demands of project management in developing countries, in the context of its scope and priorities, and discuss the relationships between this emerging field and established bodies of knowledge. The book also addresses the future of project management in developing countries and how this might influence mainstream project management. This important book will be an essential reference for practitioners, students, researchers and policymakers engaged in how to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of project management in developing countries. |
| project failure case study in project management: The Project Manager's Guide to Making Successful Decisions Robert A. Powell, Robert A. Powell PhD, Dennis M. Buede, Dennis M. Buede PhD, 2008-12 Make Better Decisions While Managing Projects! Decision-making is critical in project management. Lack of decision-making knowledge, avoidable mistakes, and improper definitions can negatively impact your company's ability to generate profit. The Project Manager's Guide to Making Successful Decisions is a practical handbook that focuses on the significance of project decision-making skills that will all you to reach workable and effective results. This valuable resource highlights numerous decisions necessary to support the project management life cycle, presents various techniques that facilitate the decision-making process, provides an overview of decision analysis as it relates to project management, and much more! + Understand different types of decision-making processes and cycles + Recognize how to frame the decision and gather better information + Define alternatives and assessments to make the right decision + Analyze short case studies demonstrating project decision making success |
| project failure case study in project management: Achieving Successful and Sustainable Project Delivery in Africa Dr. Okoro Chima Okereke, 2020-05-05 African nations have an underdeveloped industrial and economic base such as their water supply, electrical systems, roads, railways, etc. Massive funding is required to build each of these basic services to the levels of developed nations – funding which they do not have. Many African companies rely on assistance from the government and global companies looking to invest or facilitate projects in the region. And for a variety of reasons, many of these projects fail to fulfil the needs of the nation. In order to facilitate their own economic development, African nations need to cultivate efficient project management practices and policies that will help them achieve their goal of sustainability. This book by a multidisciplinary project management consultant, contributes to the body of knowledge that each African country can attain and sustain economic development by suggesting how to eliminate and correct most causes of failures of projects in construction, water treatment, electricity and renewable energy. It suggests that they should also be able to obtain the sustainable harvesting of the benefits of project deliverables which have been planned for in order to implement the various aspects of their economic development. The suggestions in this book will make a difference in project delivery and are comprehensive enough to create a root-and-branch change which will affect the people involved in making decision on projects and their delivery. Thus, project management teams and their managers, organization decision makers, companies looking to invest in the region, and politicians who plan the economy have to understand the causes of unhelpful practices and what needs to be done in order to produce productive and effective delivery of long-term sustainable project. The principal goal of this book is to advise public and private companies, and international organizations conducting projects in Africa on how to prepare themselves, their businesses and enterprises to solve the problems that cause failure of projects and abandonment of project deliverables. The book also recommends the necessity for a commercial enterprise or government entity to prepare and develop its vision, mission, and strategic objects to constitute the basis of a business plan which should be implemented for successful operations. After first identifying various failed and abandoned projects in Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, the author provides an analysis of why these projects failed or were abandoned. By using methodologies of Organizational Project Management (OPM), Project Portfolio Management (PPM) and project management techniques, he suggests a framework for project delivery which could be used as a foundational structure and platform that will address the problem and provide solutions for the achievement of successful and sustainable project delivery in Africa. |
| project failure case study in project management: Project Leadership and Team Building in Global Project Management Pranav Bhola, 2017-01-20 Engineering businesses today run through projects. Projects are successful when we have effective project leadership, which builds effective teams and teams. All these attributes increase the performance of the organization and enable it to achieve competitive advantage. Project management is the need of today’s businesses for acquiring business development and attaining business performance in local as well as in global markets as business performance is driven by competitive advantage, which is possible through successful project management. Development of new products and other competitive products and services is done through the implementation of projects. Projects are deployed for process improvements, which further add to the profitability and growth of the business. This book discusses the aspects of project management processes, project leadership, and team building in context to project management together, which improves business performance. |
| project failure case study in project management: Developing Organizational Maturity for Effective Project Management Silvius, Gilbert, Karayaz, Gamze, 2018-03-09 Despite criticism for their serious shortcomings, maturity models are widely used within organizations. The appropriate applications of these models can lead to organizational and corporate success. Developing Organizational Maturity for Effective Project Management is a critical scholarly publication that explores the successes and failures of maturity models and how they can be applied competently to leadership within corporations. Featuring coverage on a wide array of topics such as project management maturity, agile maturity, and organizational performance, this publication is geared toward professionals, managers, and students seeking current research on the application of maturity models to corporate success. |
| project failure case study in project management: Reconstructing Project Management Peter W. G. Morris, 2013-03-08 This hugely informative and wide-ranging analysis on the management of projects, past, present and future, is written both for practitioners and scholars. Beginning with a history of the discipline’s development, Reconstructing Project Management provides an extensive commentary on its practices and theoretical underpinnings, and concludes with proposals to improve its relevancy and value. Written not without a hint of attitude, this is by no means simply another project management textbook. The thesis of the book is that ‘it all depends on how you define the subject’; that much of our present thinking about project management as traditionally defined is sometimes boring, conceptually weak, and of limited application, whereas in reality it can be exciting, challenging and enormously important. The book draws on leading scholarship and case studies to explore this thesis. The book is divided into three major parts. Following an Introduction setting the scene, Part 1 covers the origins of modern project management – how the discipline has come to be what it is typically said to be; how it has been constructed – and the limitations of this traditional model. Part 2 presents an enlarged view of the discipline and then deconstructs this into its principal elements. Part 3 then reconstructs these elements to address the challenges facing society, and the implications for the discipline, in the years ahead. A final section reprises the sweep of the discipline’s development and summarises the principal insights from the book. This thoughtful commentary on project (and program, and portfolio) management as it has developed and has been practiced over the last 60-plus years, and as it may be over the next 20 to 40, draws on examples from many industry sectors around the world. It is a seminal work, required reading for everyone interested in projects and their management. |
Project Failure: A Bad Communication (Case Study)
The goal of this case study is to draw attention to the difficulties that arise when small and medium-sized businesses fail to recognize the value of communication management in stakeholder engagement, which provided them success but …
Sydney Opera House: A Lesson in project management failure
Intended purpose: Sydney Opera house was chosen as the case-study topic because it is an example of project management failure but a project success. We believe that this case is quite unusual, and it helps the end-users of the product to understand the main characteristics of a construction project and the importance of risk management
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF PROJECT FAILURE …
In recent years, project management has become an important part of any organisation and/or government as a result of the changing nature of managing organisations due to technological advancement, and a complex, competitive global marketplace.
1976 Montreal Olympics: Case Study of Project Management Failure …
The original owner was the City of Montreal, Quebec, which contracted with architect Roger Taillibert to design the Olympic Park, including the Olympic Stadium and velodrome (Auf der Maur 1976). Mr. Taillibert lived and conducted business in Paris, France.
EDINBURGH TRAMS: A CASE STUDY OF A COMPLEX PROJECT
This paper is intended to illustrate the difficulties involved in project management on a highly politicised project. The network can be broken down into two distinct stages.
Causations of failure in megaprojects: A case study of the ... - CORE
from project organization theories to explain what was poor about the planning. Socrates’ generic management theory was used to explain the role of leadership in the failure of the ASP project. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y explain the significance of stakeholders’ integration in megaprojects. Systems and chaos theories were used to ...
UK eBorders Project Failure - PM World Library
The report concluded that successful projects were 16.2 percent, projects with partial failure were 52 percent, and those considered to be complete failures were 31 percent. Border control in the UK relied on procedures and a system that operated on the border itself in 2003.
A strategic approach to failure mitigation: A study of project and ...
This multi-case study describes how research in Construction and Project Management at University College London has contributed to innovative new project and quality management; this includes a new process and a new organisation and network structure to improve the operational delivery of a project.
A CASE ROJECT AND TAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT FAILURES …
This case study of the DOD LAMP-H project is used to illustrate many of the conceivable stakeholder management pitfalls that a project manager can encounter if a PSM strat-egy is not effectively developed, implemented, and evaluat-ed within the project management process. The format of this paper will include a brief background on stakeholder
The changing landscape of IS project failure: an examination of …
The study explores some of the key aspects that have an impact on project management performance from the practitioner perspective and discusses the problems faced by organizations in the closer integration of change and project management.
A Reflection on Why Large Public Projects Fail
differentiates “failure” in two categories as presented in CHAOS (1994): • Successful project: “The project is completed on-time and on-budget, with all features and functions as initially specified” • Challenged project: “The project is completed and operational but over-budget, over the time
A STUDY ON ANALYSING MEGA-PROJECT FAILURES IN SAUDI ARABIA …
In this context, this case study research investigates the time and cost-related failure of the Haramain High-speed Railway (HHR) mega-project in Saudi Arabia. The research question asked in this thesis is to what extent agency theory (AT), which posits
A Global Study Into the Reasons for Lean Six Sigma Project Failures
our study point out to significant failure rates for LSS projects and alert that projects had higher termination rates in measure and analyze phases (DMAIC – Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) . Failures occur primarily at the corporate level. The main causes of project failures identified were lack of commitment by top management,
Pulling the Plug: Software Project Management and the …
explaining this type of IT failure. Using a model. of escalation based on the literature, a case study of IT project escalation is discussed and analyzed. The results suggest that escalation is promoted by a combination of project, psycho-logical, social, and organizational factors.
Identifying the most common issue in project management ...
2.4 Project Management Issues in Developing World According to Allan (2006) there are a lot of challenges that result in project failure in both the developing and developed countries.
Epic fail: Exploring project failure’s reasons, outcomes ... - Springer
The study comprises an open exploration of the concept of project failure from various perspectives, testing concrete hypotheses on (a) reasons for, (b) outcomes, and (c) indicators (i.e., ex ante and ongoing) of project failure.
Denver International Airport - Baggage System - Case Study
Case Study – Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System – An illustration of ineffectual decision making. Calleam Consulting Ltd – Why Technology Projects Fail. Synopsis. Dysfunctional decision making is the poison that kills technology projects and the Denver Airport Baggage System project in the 1990’s is a classic example.
Avoiding Project Failure and Achieving Project Success in NHS IT …
This piece of research utilises practice-based and academic literature relating to success and failure factors in projects, with the aim to address failure risk factors and have higher success probabilities in IT projects within organisations, especially in the healthcare context.
The Chunnel Project - Project Management Institute
The case study is structured to allow an evaluation of the appropriate processes of various Project Management Knowledge Areas at the end of each phase.
Perceived causes of software project failures An analysis of their ...
Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct in-depth analysis of software project failures in four soft- ware product companies in order to understand the causes of failures and their relationships.
Project Failure: A Bad Communication (Case Study)
The goal of this case study is to draw attention to the difficulties that arise when small and medium-sized businesses fail to recognize the value of communication management in stakeholder engagement, which provided them success but …
Sydney Opera House: A Lesson in project management failure
Intended purpose: Sydney Opera house was chosen as the case-study topic because it is an example of project management failure but a project success. We believe that this case is quite unusual, and it helps the end-users of the product to understand the main characteristics of a construction project and the importance of risk management
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF PROJECT FAILURE …
In recent years, project management has become an important part of any organisation and/or government as a result of the changing nature of managing organisations due to technological advancement, and a complex, competitive global marketplace.
1976 Montreal Olympics: Case Study of Project Management Failure …
The original owner was the City of Montreal, Quebec, which contracted with architect Roger Taillibert to design the Olympic Park, including the Olympic Stadium and velodrome (Auf der Maur 1976). Mr. Taillibert lived and conducted business in Paris, France.
EDINBURGH TRAMS: A CASE STUDY OF A COMPLEX PROJECT
This paper is intended to illustrate the difficulties involved in project management on a highly politicised project. The network can be broken down into two distinct stages.
Causations of failure in megaprojects: A case study of the ... - CORE
from project organization theories to explain what was poor about the planning. Socrates’ generic management theory was used to explain the role of leadership in the failure of the ASP project. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y explain the significance of stakeholders’ integration in megaprojects. Systems and chaos theories were used to ...
UK eBorders Project Failure - PM World Library
The report concluded that successful projects were 16.2 percent, projects with partial failure were 52 percent, and those considered to be complete failures were 31 percent. Border control in the UK relied on procedures and a system that operated on the border itself in 2003.
A strategic approach to failure mitigation: A study of project and ...
This multi-case study describes how research in Construction and Project Management at University College London has contributed to innovative new project and quality management; this includes a new process and a new organisation and network structure to improve the operational delivery of a project.
A CASE ROJECT AND TAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT FAILURES …
This case study of the DOD LAMP-H project is used to illustrate many of the conceivable stakeholder management pitfalls that a project manager can encounter if a PSM strat-egy is not effectively developed, implemented, and evaluat-ed within the project management process. The format of this paper will include a brief background on stakeholder
The changing landscape of IS project failure: an examination of …
The study explores some of the key aspects that have an impact on project management performance from the practitioner perspective and discusses the problems faced by organizations in the closer integration of change and project management.
A Reflection on Why Large Public Projects Fail
differentiates “failure” in two categories as presented in CHAOS (1994): • Successful project: “The project is completed on-time and on-budget, with all features and functions as initially specified” • Challenged project: “The project is completed and operational but over-budget, over the time
A STUDY ON ANALYSING MEGA-PROJECT FAILURES IN SAUDI ARABIA …
In this context, this case study research investigates the time and cost-related failure of the Haramain High-speed Railway (HHR) mega-project in Saudi Arabia. The research question asked in this thesis is to what extent agency theory (AT), which posits
A Global Study Into the Reasons for Lean Six Sigma Project Failures
our study point out to significant failure rates for LSS projects and alert that projects had higher termination rates in measure and analyze phases (DMAIC – Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) . Failures occur primarily at the corporate level. The main causes of project failures identified were lack of commitment by top management,
Pulling the Plug: Software Project Management and the …
explaining this type of IT failure. Using a model. of escalation based on the literature, a case study of IT project escalation is discussed and analyzed. The results suggest that escalation is promoted by a combination of project, psycho-logical, social, and organizational factors.
Identifying the most common issue in project management ...
2.4 Project Management Issues in Developing World According to Allan (2006) there are a lot of challenges that result in project failure in both the developing and developed countries.
Epic fail: Exploring project failure’s reasons, outcomes ... - Springer
The study comprises an open exploration of the concept of project failure from various perspectives, testing concrete hypotheses on (a) reasons for, (b) outcomes, and (c) indicators (i.e., ex ante and ongoing) of project failure.
Denver International Airport - Baggage System - Case Study
Case Study – Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System – An illustration of ineffectual decision making. Calleam Consulting Ltd – Why Technology Projects Fail. Synopsis. Dysfunctional decision making is the poison that kills technology projects and the Denver Airport Baggage System project in the 1990’s is a classic example.
Avoiding Project Failure and Achieving Project Success in NHS IT …
This piece of research utilises practice-based and academic literature relating to success and failure factors in projects, with the aim to address failure risk factors and have higher success probabilities in IT projects within organisations, especially in the healthcare context.
The Chunnel Project - Project Management Institute
The case study is structured to allow an evaluation of the appropriate processes of various Project Management Knowledge Areas at the end of each phase.
Perceived causes of software project failures An analysis of their ...
Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct in-depth analysis of software project failures in four soft- ware product companies in order to understand the causes of failures and their relationships.
