Periodic Law Lab Answer Key

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  periodic law lab answer key: Science Action Labs Physical Science (eBook) Edward Shevick, 1998-03-01 Matter and Motion. These easy-to-use, hands-on explorations are just what you need to get your science curriculum, and your students, into action!
  periodic law lab answer key: The Disappearing Spoon Sam Kean, 2010-07-12 From New York Times bestselling author Sam Kean comes incredible stories of science, history, finance, mythology, the arts, medicine, and more, as told by the Periodic Table. Why did Gandhi hate iodine (I, 53)? How did radium (Ra, 88) nearly ruin Marie Curie's reputation? And why is gallium (Ga, 31) the go-to element for laboratory pranksters? The Periodic Table is a crowning scientific achievement, but it's also a treasure trove of adventure, betrayal, and obsession. These fascinating tales follow every element on the table as they play out their parts in human history, and in the lives of the (frequently) mad scientists who discovered them. The Disappearing Spoon masterfully fuses science with the classic lore of invention, investigation, and discovery -- from the Big Bang through the end of time. Though solid at room temperature, gallium is a moldable metal that melts at 84 degrees Fahrenheit. A classic science prank is to mold gallium spoons, serve them with tea, and watch guests recoil as their utensils disappear.
  periodic law lab answer key: The Periodic Table Primo Levi, 2012 Inspired by the rhythms of the Periodic Table, Primo Levi assesses his life in terms of the chemical elements he associates with his past. From his birth into an Italian Jewish family through his training as a chemist, to the pain and darkness of the Holocaust and its aftermath, Levi reflects on the difficult course of his life in this heartfelt and deeply moving book.
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Richard Langely, William R. Robinson, Klaus Hellmut Theopold, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition.
  periodic law lab answer key: The Software Encyclopedia , 1988
  periodic law lab answer key: The Periodic Table of the Elements of Green and Sustainable Chemistry Julie B. Zimmerman, Paul T. Anastas, 2020-03-17 The field of Green and Sustainable Chemistry has demonstrated its ability to address some of greatest challenges as outlined by the United Nations Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). The many aspects of Green and Sustainable Chemistry have been presented in the format of the Periodic Table of the Elements in order to illustrate the importance of each of the types of contributions. The book presents the Humanitarian Elements that underlie the reasons that drive the field of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, the scientific and technological elements of green chemistry and engineering the manifest the discovery and invention of new sustainable technologies, the Enabling Systems Conditions that allow sustainable solutions to go to scale, and the Noble Elements that are the vision for the sustainable world we strive for.
  periodic law lab answer key: Heath Chemistry James Dudley Herron, 1993
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry Frank Jenkins, 1992
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemical Interactions , 2005
  periodic law lab answer key: Holt General Science William L. Ramsey, 1988
  periodic law lab answer key: Nature's Building Blocks John Emsley, 2003 A readable, informative, fascinating entry on each one of the 100-odd chemical elements, arranged alphabetically from actinium to zirconium. Each entry comprises an explanation of where the element's name comes from, followed by Body element (the role it plays in living things), Element ofhistory (how and when it was discovered), Economic element (what it is used for), Environmental element (where it occurs, how much), Chemical element (facts, figures and narrative), and Element of surprise (an amazing, little-known fact about it). A wonderful 'dipping into' source for the familyreference shelf and for students.
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry: 1,001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) Heather Hattori, Richard H. Langley, 2014-03-11 Practice makes perfect—and helps deepen your understanding of chemistry Every high school requires a course in chemistry, and many universities require the course for majors in medicine, engineering, biology, and various other sciences. 1001 Chemistry Practice Problems For Dummies provides students of this popular course the chance to practice what they learn in class, deepening their understanding of the material, and allowing for supplemental explanation of difficult topics. 1001 Chemistry Practice Problems For Dummies takes you beyond the instruction and guidance offered in Chemistry For Dummies, giving you 1,001 opportunities to practice solving problems from the major topics in chemistry. Plus, an online component provides you with a collection of chemistry problems presented in multiple-choice format to further help you test your skills as you go. Gives you a chance to practice and reinforce the skills you learn in chemistry class Helps you refine your understanding of chemistry Practice problems with answer explanations that detail every step of every problem Whether you're studying chemistry at the high school, college, or graduate level, the practice problems in 1001 Chemistry Practice Problems For Dummies range in areas of difficulty and style, providing you with the practice help you need to score high at exam time.
  periodic law lab answer key: Introductory Chemistry Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste, 2010 Resource added for the Chemistry ?10-806-165? courses.
  periodic law lab answer key: The Discovery of Oxygen Joseph Priestley, 1894
  periodic law lab answer key: The Electron Robert Andrews Millikan, 1917
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry Bruce Averill, Patricia Eldredge, 2007 Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science.
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry Thandi Buthelezi, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, Dinah Zike, 2013
  periodic law lab answer key: Government-sponsored Testing on Humans United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations, 1994 Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, Edward J. Neth, WIlliam R. Robinson, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition.
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry John S. Phillips, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Victor S. Strozak, Cheryl Wistrom, Dinah Zike, 2014
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, 2012 Steve and Susan Zumdahl's texts focus on helping students build critical thinking skills through the process of becoming independent problem-solvers. They help students learn to think like a chemists so they can apply the problem solving process to all aspects of their lives. In CHEMISTRY: AN ATOMS FIRST APPROACH, 1e, International Edition the Zumdahls use a meaningful approach that begins with the atom and proceeds through the concept of molecules, structure, and bonding, to more complex materials and their properties. Because this approach differs from what most students have experienced in high school courses, it encourages them to focus on conceptual learning early in the course, rather than relying on memorization and a plug and chug method of problem solving that even the best students can fall back on when confronted with familiar material. The atoms first organization provides an opportunity for students to use the tools of critical thinkers: to ask questions, to apply rules and models and to
  periodic law lab answer key: Mendeleyev's Dream Paul Strathern, 2014-06-10 In this elegant, erudite, but entertaining book, Paul Strathern, the award-winning novelist and expositor of complex ideas, unravels the dramatic history of chemistry through the quest for the elements. Framing this history is the life story of the nineteenth-century Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleyev, who fell asleep at his desk and awoke after conceiving the periodic table in a dream--the template upon which modern chemistry is founded and the formulation of which marked chemistry's coming of age as a science. From ancient philosophy through medieval alchemy to the splitting of the atom, Mendeleyev's Dream is the true story of the birth of chemistry and the role of one man's dream.
  periodic law lab answer key: Chemistry in Context AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY., 2024-04-11
  periodic law lab answer key: University Physics OpenStax, 2016-11-04 University Physics is a three-volume collection that meets the scope and sequence requirements for two- and three-semester calculus-based physics courses. Volume 1 covers mechanics, sound, oscillations, and waves. Volume 2 covers thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, and Volume 3 covers optics and modern physics. This textbook emphasizes connections between between theory and application, making physics concepts interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the mathematical rigor inherent in the subject. Frequent, strong examples focus on how to approach a problem, how to work with the equations, and how to check and generalize the result. The text and images in this textbook are grayscale.
  periodic law lab answer key: Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, California Student Edition McGraw-Hill Education, 2006-07-21 Meets All California State Standards! Glencoe California Chemistry: Matter and Change combines the elements students need to succeed! A comprehensive course of study designed for a first-year high school chemistry curriculum, this program incorporates features for strong math support and problem-solving development. Promote strong inquiry learning with a variety of in-text lab options, including Discovery Labs, MiniLabs, Problem-Solving Labs, and ChemLabs (large- and small-scale), in addition to Forensics, Probeware, Small-Scale, and Lab Manuals. Provide simple, inexpensive, safe chemistry activities with Try at Home labs. Unique to Glencoe, these labs are safe enough to be completed outside the classroom and are referenced in the appropriate chapters!
  periodic law lab answer key: The Principles of Chemistry Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, 1901
  periodic law lab answer key: Modern Inorganic Chemistry William L. Jolly, 1991
  periodic law lab answer key: The Catholic School Journal , 1967
  periodic law lab answer key: A New System of Chemical Philosophy ... John Dalton, 1827
  periodic law lab answer key: Science in Action 9 , 2002
  periodic law lab answer key: Understanding the Periodic Table , 2021-06-09
  periodic law lab answer key: Pearson Chemistry Queensland 11 Skills and Assessment Book Elissa Huddart, 2018-10-04 Introducing the Pearson Chemistry 11 Queensland Skills and Assessment Book. Fully aligned to the new QCE 2019 Syllabus. Write in Skills and Assessment Book written to support teaching and learning across all requirements of the new Syllabus, providing practice, application and consolidation of learning. Opportunities to apply and practice performing calculations and using algorithms are integrated throughout worksheets, practical activities and question sets. All activities are mapped from the Student Book at the recommend point of engagement in the teaching program, making integration of practice and rich learning activities a seamless inclusion. Developed by highly experienced and expert author teams, with lead Queensland specialists who have a working understand what teachers are looking for to support working with a new syllabus.
  periodic law lab answer key: Atoms and Elements David Bradley, Ian D. Crofton, 2002 An exciting new series, building into an extensive library of knowledge for tomorrow's young scientists. Lively and accessible, each of the 10 volumes focuses on a major area of scientific knowledge and draws the reader into the dynamic world of the modern scientist.* nearly 300 major articles in all, giving full coverage of the physical, chemical and biological sciences* accurate and up to date, covering the latest discoveries, events and ideas* expert authors capture the excitement of science* all text checked by specialist consultants* over 1300 illustrations - carefully selected photos and specially commissioned drawings and diagrams
  periodic law lab answer key: Prentice Hall Chemistry Harold Eugene LeMay, Herbert Beall, Karen M. Robblee, Douglas C. Brower, 1998-11-30 2000-2005 State Textbook Adoption - Rowan/Salisbury.
  periodic law lab answer key: Science Today Ralph Levinson, Jeffrey N. Thomas, 1997 First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  periodic law lab answer key: Introductory Chemistry Steve Russo, Michael E. Silver, Mike Silver, 2011 Real success in your chemistry course depends on far more than memorizing equations. Introductory Chemistry, Fourth Edition helps you develop a deeper understanding of chemical concepts as well as your problem-solving skills, with a reader-friendly style and stunning illustrations that have made this text a student favorite. The authors' conceptual approach focuses on the concepts behind chemical equations, to help you become a more proficient problem solver. Unlike other books that emphasize rote memorization of problem-solving algorithms, this text helps you master the quantitative skills and understanding you'll to gain a real understanding of chemistry.
  periodic law lab answer key: Concept Development Studies in Chemistry John S. Hutchinson, 2009-09-24 This is an on-line textbook for an Introductory General Chemistry course. Each module develops a central concept in Chemistry from experimental observations and inductive reasoning. This approach complements an interactive or active learning teaching approach. Additional multimedia resources can be found at: http: //cnx.org/content/col10264/1.5
  periodic law lab answer key: General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Dorothy M. Feigl, John William Hill, 1983
  periodic law lab answer key: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, Ralph Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry Madura, Carey Bissonnette, 2017 The most trusted general chemistry text in Canada is back in a thoroughly revised 11th edition. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, is the most trusted book on the market recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, and precision of argument and precise and detailed and treatment of the subject. The 11th edition offers enhanced hallmark features, new innovations and revised discussions that that respond to key market needs for detailed and modern treatment of organic chemistry, embracing the power of visual learning and conquering the challenges of effective problem solving and assessment. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MasteringChemistry does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MasteringChemistry, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MasteringChemistry, search for: 0134097327 / 9780134097329 General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 11/e Package consists of: 0132931281 / 9780132931281 General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 0133387917 / 9780133387919 Study Card for General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 0133387801 / 9780133387803 MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card -- for General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications
  periodic law lab answer key: Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Student Edition McGraw-Hill Education, 2016-06-15
5 The Periodic Law - SharpSchool
The Periodic Law MIXED REVIEW SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Consider the neutral atom with 53 protons and 74 neutrons to answer the …

The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key (book) - netsec.csuci.edu
We'll explore the key experiments typically found in periodic law labs and offer clear explanations to help you succeed. Forget generic answer keys – this post provides insightful solutions and …

The Periodic i i Table l and Periodic i i Law - Weebly
Devise an approach that clearly displays the trends for each of the properties given in the table and allows you to extrapolate a value for francium. Use the periodic law as guide. A graph of …

CHEMISTRY LAB: THE PERIODIC LAW - Kwanga.net
In accordance with Moseley’s revision, the periodic law states: the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Each of the 109 known elements has its own set of …

THS IB Chemistry - Home
The modern periodic law states that (a) no two electrons with the same spin can be found in the same place in an atom. (b) the physical and chemical properties of an element are functions of …

PERIODIC TABLE PUZZLE ANSWER KEY - Mr. Franklin's …
“PERIODIC TABLE WORKSHEET” ANSWER KEY 1. Group 1 – Alkali Metals, especially bottom-left. (Reactivity increases as you move down the Group.) Francium is the most reactive metal. …

Periodic Law Lab Answer Key Copy - old.iowfb.uk
Sustainable Chemistry have been presented in the format of the Periodic Table of the Elements in order to illustrate the importance of each of the types of contributions. The book

Advanced Chemistry Mrs. Klingaman Chapter 5: the periodiC Law
Chapter 5: The Periodic Law Reading Guide 5.1 – History of the Periodic Table (pgs. 125-129)

Periodic Law Lab 17 Answer Key - web1.jeroboams.co.uk
18 Sep 2023 · Elements and the Periodic Table present the basics of the Periodic Table in an easy-to-understand, easy-to-master way! It contains fun activities, transparency masters, …

Chemistry with Mr. Saval - Home
Created Date: 10/18/2015 9:33:32 PM

Cracking the Periodic Table Code - flinnpogil.com
Cracking the Periodic Table Code Why aren’t the elements listed in alphabetical order? Why? As charts go, the periodic table is a bit odd. It’s not square. Large portions of the table appear to …

The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key (Download Only)
The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key: Science Action Labs Physical Science (eBook) Edward Shevick,1998-03-01 Matter and Motion These easy to use hands on explorations are just what …

Chapter 6: The Periodic Table and Periodic Law - Neshaminy …
You, too, will find the periodic table a valuable tool. Among other things, it is a useful reference for understanding and predicting the properties of elements and for organizing your knowledge of …

CHEMISTRY LAB: THE PERIODIC LAW - Kwanga.net
In accordance with Moseley’s revision, the periodic law states the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Each of the known elements has its own set of …

Periodic Law Lab Answer Key - Portal Expresso
Answer Key for The Mystery of the Periodic Table Staff of Christ the King Books,2018-02 The Periodic Table Primo Levi,1996-10-01 The Periodic Table is largely a memoir of the years …

Chapter 6: The Periodic Table and Periodic Law - Madison …
The statement that there is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number is called the periodic law.

It’s in the Cards Discovering the Periodic Law - WELCOME TO …
Dmitri Mendeleev’s discovery of the Periodic Law ranks as one of the greatest achievements in the history of science. It has survived the test of time and stands to this day as the single most …

SECTION 1 History of the Periodic Table
Explain the roles of Mendeleev and Moseley in the development of the periodic table. 2. Describe the modern periodic table. 3. Explain how the periodic law can be used to predict the physical …

Practice Packet Unit: 5 Periodic Table - Mr. Palermo's Flipped ...
Practice Packet: Unit 5 Periodic Table www.mrpalermo.com 3 Introduction to the Periodic Table: Color Coding Activity The Periodic Table is a list of all the known elements. It is organized by …

The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key - jomc.unc.edu
The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key Chemistry Chapter 5 The Periodic Law Test Key Terms. What are the unknown elements of Mendeleev s Lab of 1869. The Science Spot. CH 5 LAB …

5 The Periodic Law - SharpSchool
The Periodic Law MIXED REVIEW SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Consider the neutral atom with 53 protons and 74 neutrons to answer the following questions. 53 a. What is its atomic number? 127 b. What is its mass number? atomic number c. Is the element’s position in a modern periodic table determined by

The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key (book) - netsec.csuci.edu
We'll explore the key experiments typically found in periodic law labs and offer clear explanations to help you succeed. Forget generic answer keys – this post provides insightful solutions and clarifies the science behind the periodic table's organization. Note: This post aims to help you understand the principles behind the periodic law lab.

The Periodic i i Table l and Periodic i i Law - Weebly
Devise an approach that clearly displays the trends for each of the properties given in the table and allows you to extrapolate a value for francium. Use the periodic law as guide. A graph of each property versus atomic number is the best approach.

CHEMISTRY LAB: THE PERIODIC LAW - Kwanga.net
In accordance with Moseley’s revision, the periodic law states: the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Each of the 109 known elements has its own set of characteristic properties. These range from solid to gas, lustrous to dull, low to high melting points, various colors, and so on.

THS IB Chemistry - Home
The modern periodic law states that (a) no two electrons with the same spin can be found in the same place in an atom. (b) the physical and chemical properties of an element are functions of its atomic number. (c) electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves. (d) the chemical properties of elements can be grouped according to

PERIODIC TABLE PUZZLE ANSWER KEY - Mr. Franklin's Science Lab
“PERIODIC TABLE WORKSHEET” ANSWER KEY 1. Group 1 – Alkali Metals, especially bottom-left. (Reactivity increases as you move down the Group.) Francium is the most reactive metal. 2. Group 17 – Halogens (“Salt Makers”), especially top-right (before Noble Gasses); Fluorine is the most reactive nonmetal. 3.

Periodic Law Lab Answer Key Copy - old.iowfb.uk
Sustainable Chemistry have been presented in the format of the Periodic Table of the Elements in order to illustrate the importance of each of the types of contributions. The book

Advanced Chemistry Mrs. Klingaman Chapter 5: the periodiC Law
Chapter 5: The Periodic Law Reading Guide 5.1 – History of the Periodic Table (pgs. 125-129)

Periodic Law Lab 17 Answer Key - web1.jeroboams.co.uk
18 Sep 2023 · Elements and the Periodic Table present the basics of the Periodic Table in an easy-to-understand, easy-to-master way! It contains fun activities, transparency masters, quizzes, tests, rubrics, grading sheets, and more. From basic elements to table organization, Elements and the Periodic Table is the essential handbook for middle-school science!

Chemistry with Mr. Saval - Home
Created Date: 10/18/2015 9:33:32 PM

Cracking the Periodic Table Code - flinnpogil.com
Cracking the Periodic Table Code Why aren’t the elements listed in alphabetical order? Why? As charts go, the periodic table is a bit odd. It’s not square. Large portions of the table appear to be missing at the top. It’s not organized alphabetically so elements can be found easily. But to a chemist, the periodic table is a very powerful ...

The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key (Download Only)
The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key: Science Action Labs Physical Science (eBook) Edward Shevick,1998-03-01 Matter and Motion These easy to use hands on explorations are just what you need to get your science curriculum and your students into action The

Chapter 6: The Periodic Table and Periodic Law - Neshaminy …
You, too, will find the periodic table a valuable tool. Among other things, it is a useful reference for understanding and predicting the properties of elements and for organizing your knowledge of atomic struc-ture. Do the problem-solving LAB on the next page to see how the periodic law can be used to predict unknown elemental properties.

CHEMISTRY LAB: THE PERIODIC LAW - Kwanga.net
In accordance with Moseley’s revision, the periodic law states the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Each of the known elements has its own set of properties. These range from solid to gas, lustrous to dull, …

Periodic Law Lab Answer Key - Portal Expresso
Answer Key for The Mystery of the Periodic Table Staff of Christ the King Books,2018-02 The Periodic Table Primo Levi,1996-10-01 The Periodic Table is largely a memoir of the years before and after Primo Levi’s transportation from his native Italy to …

Chapter 6: The Periodic Table and Periodic Law - Madison …
The statement that there is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number is called the periodic law.

It’s in the Cards Discovering the Periodic Law - WELCOME TO …
Dmitri Mendeleev’s discovery of the Periodic Law ranks as one of the greatest achievements in the history of science. It has survived the test of time and stands to this day as the single most important tool to understand the chemistry of the elements.

SECTION 1 History of the Periodic Table
Explain the roles of Mendeleev and Moseley in the development of the periodic table. 2. Describe the modern periodic table. 3. Explain how the periodic law can be used to predict the physical and chemical properties of elements. 4. Describe how the elements belonging to a group of the periodic table are interrelated in terms of atomic elements. 1.

Practice Packet Unit: 5 Periodic Table - Mr. Palermo's Flipped ...
Practice Packet: Unit 5 Periodic Table www.mrpalermo.com 3 Introduction to the Periodic Table: Color Coding Activity The Periodic Table is a list of all the known elements. It is organized by increasing atomic number. There are two main groups …

The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key - jomc.unc.edu
The Periodic Law Lab Answer Key Chemistry Chapter 5 The Periodic Law Test Key Terms. What are the unknown elements of Mendeleev s Lab of 1869. The Science Spot. CH 5 LAB PERIODIC LAW CHEM A 2 3 Purpose. the periodic law puzzle answers Bing. Periodic Motion Mercer University. Holt McDougal Modern Chemistry Chapter 5 The Periodic Law. 9 1 ...