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| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Ming Dynasty Charles Hucker, 2021-01-19 In the latter half of the fourteenth century, at one end of the Eurasian continent, the stage was not yet set for the emergence of modern nation-states. At the other end, the Chinese drove out their Mongol overlords, inaugurated a new native dynasty called Ming (1368–1644), and reasserted the mastery of their national destiny. It was a dramatic era of change, the full significance of which can only be perceived retrospectively. With the establishment of the Ming dynasty, a major historical tension rose into prominence between more absolutist and less absolutist modes of rulership. This produced a distinctive style of rule that modern students have come to call Ming despotism. It proved a capriciously absolutist pattern for Chinese government into our own time. [1, 2 ,3] |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Ideological Foundations of Qing Taxation Taisu Zhang, 2022-10-31 This survey of the fiscal history of China's last imperial dynasty explains why its ability to tax was unusually weak. It argues that the answer lies in the internal ideological worldviews of the political elite, rather than in external political or economic constraints. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Rise of Fiscal States Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla, Patrick K. O'Brien, Francisco Comín Comín, 2012-05-24 Leading economic historians present a groundbreaking series of country case studies exploring the formation of fiscal states in Eurasia. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States Andrew Monson, Walter Scheidel, 2015-04-23 Inspired by the new fiscal history, this book represents the first global survey of taxation in the premodern world. What emerges is a rich variety of institutions, including experiments with sophisticated instruments such as sovereign debt and fiduciary money, challenging the notion of a typical premodern stage of fiscal development. The studies also reveal patterns and correlations across widely dispersed societies that shed light on the basic factors driving the intensification, abatement, and innovation of fiscal regimes. Twenty scholars have contributed perspectives from a wide range of fields besides history, including anthropology, economics, political science and sociology. The volume's coverage extends beyond Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East to East Asia and the Americas, thereby transcending the Eurocentric approach of most scholarship on fiscal history. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: China's Influence and American Interests Larry Diamond, Orville Schell, 2019-08-01 While Americans are generally aware of China's ambitions as a global economic and military superpower, few understand just how deeply and assertively that country has already sought to influence American society. As the authors of this volume write, it is time for a wake-up call. In documenting the extent of Beijing's expanding influence operations inside the United States, they aim to raise awareness of China's efforts to penetrate and sway a range of American institutions: state and local governments, academic institutions, think tanks, media, and businesses. And they highlight other aspects of the propagandistic “discourse war” waged by the Chinese government and Communist Party leaders that are less expected and more alarming, such as their view of Chinese Americans as members of a worldwide Chinese diaspora that owes undefined allegiance to the so-called Motherland.Featuring ideas and policy proposals from leading China specialists, China's Influence and American Interests argues that a successful future relationship requires a rebalancing toward greater transparency, reciprocity, and fairness. Throughout, the authors also strongly state the importance of avoiding casting aspersions on Chinese and on Chinese Americans, who constitute a vital portion of American society. But if the United States is to fare well in this increasingly adversarial relationship with China, Americans must have a far better sense of that country's ambitions and methods than they do now. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Making Of An Economic Superpower, The: Unlocking China's Secret Of Rapid Industrialization Yi Wen, 2016-05-13 The rise of China is no doubt one of the most important events in world economic history since the Industrial Revolution. Mainstream economics, especially the institutional theory of economic development based on a dichotomy of extractive vs. inclusive political institutions, is highly inadequate in explaining China's rise. This book argues that only a radical reinterpretation of the history of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West (as incorrectly portrayed by the institutional theory) can fully explain China's growth miracle and why the determined rise of China is unstoppable despite its current 'backward' financial system and political institutions. Conversely, China's spectacular and rapid transformation from an impoverished agrarian society to a formidable industrial superpower sheds considerable light on the fundamental shortcomings of the institutional theory and mainstream 'blackboard' economic models, and provides more-accurate reevaluations of historical episodes such as Africa's enduring poverty trap despite radical political and economic reforms, Latin America's lost decades and frequent debt crises, 19th century Europe's great escape from the Malthusian trap, and the Industrial Revolution itself. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Art of Not Being Governed James C. Scott, 2009-01-01 From the acclaimed author and scholar James C. Scott, the compelling tale of Asian peoples who until recently have stemmed the vast tide of state-making to live at arm’s length from any organized state society For two thousand years the disparate groups that now reside in Zomia (a mountainous region the size of Europe that consists of portions of seven Asian countries) have fled the projects of the organized state societies that surround them—slavery, conscription, taxes, corvée labor, epidemics, and warfare. This book, essentially an “anarchist history,” is the first-ever examination of the huge literature on state-making whose author evaluates why people would deliberately and reactively remain stateless. Among the strategies employed by the people of Zomia to remain stateless are physical dispersion in rugged terrain; agricultural practices that enhance mobility; pliable ethnic identities; devotion to prophetic, millenarian leaders; and maintenance of a largely oral culture that allows them to reinvent their histories and genealogies as they move between and around states. In accessible language, James Scott, recognized worldwide as an eminent authority in Southeast Asian, peasant, and agrarian studies, tells the story of the peoples of Zomia and their unlikely odyssey in search of self-determination. He redefines our views on Asian politics, history, demographics, and even our fundamental ideas about what constitutes civilization, and challenges us with a radically different approach to history that presents events from the perspective of stateless peoples and redefines state-making as a form of “internal colonialism.” This new perspective requires a radical reevaluation of the civilizational narratives of the lowland states. Scott’s work on Zomia represents a new way to think of area studies that will be applicable to other runaway, fugitive, and marooned communities, be they Gypsies, Cossacks, tribes fleeing slave raiders, Marsh Arabs, or San-Bushmen. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: When China Rules the World Martin Jacques, 2009-11-12 Greatly revised and expanded, with a new afterword, this update to Martin Jacques’s global bestseller is an essential guide to understanding a world increasingly shaped by Chinese power Soon, China will rule the world. But in doing so, it will not become more Western. Since the first publication of When China Rules the World, the landscape of world power has shifted dramatically. In the three years since the first edition was published, When China Rules the World has proved to be a remarkably prescient book, transforming the nature of the debate on China. Now, in this greatly expanded and fully updated edition, boasting nearly 300 pages of new material, and backed up by the latest statistical data, Martin Jacques renews his assault on conventional thinking about China’s ascendancy, showing how its impact will be as much political and cultural as economic, changing the world as we know it. First published in 2009 to widespread critical acclaim - and controversy - When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order has sold a quarter of a million copies, been translated into eleven languages, nominated for two major literary awards, and is the subject of an immensely popular TED talk. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Money and the Mechanism of Exchange William Stanley Jevons, 1877 |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Development Centre Studies Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run Maddison Angus, 1998-09-25 The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries, but which have not hitherto been available for China. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Ming China and Vietnam Kathlene Baldanza, 2016-03-29 Studies of Sino-Viet relations have traditionally focused on Chinese aggression and Vietnamese resistance, or have assumed out-of-date ideas about Sinicization and the tributary system. They have limited themselves to national historical traditions, doing little to reach beyond the border. Ming China and Vietnam, by contrast, relies on sources and viewpoints from both sides of the border, for a truly transnational history of Sino-Viet relations. Kathlene Baldanza offers a detailed examination of geopolitical and cultural relations between Ming China (1368–1644) and Dai Viet, the state that would go on to become Vietnam. She highlights the internal debates and external alliances that characterized their diplomatic and military relations in the pre-modern period, showing especially that Vietnamese patronage of East Asian classical culture posed an ideological threat to Chinese states. Baldanza presents an analysis of seven linked biographies of Chinese and Vietnamese border-crossers whose lives illustrate the entangled histories of those countries. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Rise and Fall of the Ming Dynasty Daniel R. Faust, 2016-07-15 Coming to power between Mongol and Manchu rule, the Ming Dynasty represented the last ethnic Han dynasty to rule China. Following the Mandate of Heaven, the first Ming emperor launched nearly 300 years of cultural and political transformation. This compelling volume traces the ascendancy, demise, and legacy of the Ming Dynasty, chronicling the development of its governmental structure, its expansion of trade and its economy, its extension and enhancement of the Great Wall of China, and many other achievements. Readers will also learn about the effect of the Little Ice Age and its role in the Ming’s demise. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: China Gungwu Wang, Yongnian Zheng, 2013 China has achieved significant socio-economic progress and has become a key player on the international stage after several decades of open-door and reform policy. Looking beyond China's transformation, this book focusses on the theme of governance which is widely regarded as the next most critical element to ensure that China's growth remains sustainable.Today, China is confronted with a host of pressing challenges that call for urgent attention. These include the need to rebalance and restructure the economy, the widening income gaps, the poor integration of migrant populations in the urban areas, insufficient public housing and healthcare coverage, the seeming lack of political reforms and the degree of environmental degradation. In the foreign policy arena, China is likewise under pressure to do more to address global concerns while not appearing to be overly aggressive. The next steps that China takes would have a great deal to do with governance, in terms of how it tackles or fails to address the myriad of challenges, both domestic and foreign.China: Development and Governance, with 57 short chapters in total, is based on up-to-date scholarly research written in a readable and concise style. Besides China's domestic developments, it also covers China's external relations with the United States, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Non-specialists, in particular, should find this volume accessible and useful in keeping up with fast-changing developments in East Asia. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: On Their Own Terms Benjamin A. Elman, 2009-07-01 In On Their Own Terms, Benjamin A. Elman offers a much-needed synthesis of early Chinese science during the Jesuit period (1600-1800) and the modern sciences as they evolved in China under Protestant influence (1840s-1900). By 1600 Europe was ahead of Asia in producing basic machines, such as clocks, levers, and pulleys, that would be necessary for the mechanization of agriculture and industry. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Elman shows, Europeans still sought from the Chinese their secrets of producing silk, fine textiles, and porcelain, as well as large-scale tea cultivation. Chinese literati borrowed in turn new algebraic notations of Hindu-Arabic origin, Tychonic cosmology, Euclidian geometry, and various computational advances. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, imperial reformers, early Republicans, Guomindang party cadres, and Chinese Communists have all prioritized science and technology. In this book, Elman gives a nuanced account of the ways in which native Chinese science evolved over four centuries, under the influence of both Jesuit and Protestant missionaries. In the end, he argues, the Chinese produced modern science on their own terms. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Records, Computers, and the Rights of Citizens United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, 1973 |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Resurging Asian Giants Klaus Gerhaeusser, Yoshihiro Iwasaki, V. B. Tulasidhar, 2010-07-01 The economies of the People's Republic of China and India have seen dramatic growth in recent years. As their respective successes continue to reshape the world's economic landscape, noted Chinese and Indian scholars have studied the two countries' development paths, in particular their rich and diverse experiences in such areas as education, information technology, local entrepreneurship, capital markets, macroeconomic management, foreign direct investment, and state-owned enterprise reforms. Drawing on these studies, ADB has produced a timely collection of lessons learned that serves as a valuable refresher on the challenges and opportunities ahead for developing economies, especially those in Asia and the Pacific. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Democracy and Education John Dewey, 1916 . Renewal of Life by Transmission. The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing. As long as it endures, it struggles to use surrounding energies in its own behalf. It uses light, air, moisture, and the material of soil. To say that it uses them is to say that it turns them into means of its own conservation. As long as it is growing, the energy it expends in thus turning the environment to account is more than compensated for by the return it gets: it grows. Understanding the word control in this sense, it may be said that a living being is one that subjugates and controls for its own continued activity the energies that would otherwise use it up. Life is a self-renewing process through action upon the environment. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Encountering Macau Geoffrey C. Gunn, 2002-10-01 This is the only history of Macau from its settlement in 1557 until its return to China in December 1999. Professor Geoffrey Gunn brilliantly traces Macau's development from its obscure origins on the periphery of China through its glory days as a lucrative trading intermediary between China and Japan to its slow decline in the shadow of Hong Kong and, finally, its survival as renter state sustained by gambling. Macau's fascinating history elucidates the nature of European colonialism in Asia, yet speaks directly to the emerging shape of the East Asian world in the 21st century. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Before and Beyond Divergence Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, R. Bin Wong, 2011-04-01 China has reemerged as a powerhouse in the global economy, reviving a classic question in economic history: why did sustained economic growth arise in Europe rather than in China? Many favor cultural and environmental explanations of the nineteenth-century economic divergence between Europe and the rest of the world. This book, the product of over twenty years of research, takes a sharply different tack. It argues that political differences which crystallized well before 1800 were responsible both for China’s early and more recent prosperity and for Europe’s difficulties after the fall of the Roman Empire and during early industrialization. Rosenthal and Wong show that relative prices matter to how economies evolve; institutions can have a large effect on relative prices; and the spatial scale of polities can affect the choices of institutions in the long run. Their historical perspective on institutional change has surprising implications for understanding modern transformations in China and Europe and for future expectations. It also yields insights in comparative economic history, essential to any larger social science account of modern world history. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Financial Soundness Indicators International Monetary Fund, 2006-04-04 Financial Soundness Indicators (FSIs) are measures that indicate the current financial health and soundness of a country's financial institutions, and their corporate and household counterparts. FSIs include both aggregated individual institution data and indicators that are representative of the markets in which the financial institutions operate. FSIs are calculated and disseminated for the purpose of supporting macroprudential analysis--the assessment and surveillance of the strengths and vulnerabilities of financial systems--with a view to strengthening financial stability and limiting the likelihood of financial crises. Financial Soundness Indicators: Compilation Guide is intended to give guidance on the concepts, sources, and compilation and dissemination techniques underlying FSIs; to encourage the use and cross-country comparison of these data; and, thereby, to support national and international surveillance of financial systems. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Guidelines for Public Debt Management -- Amended International Monetary Fund, World Bank, 2003-09-12 NULL |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Great Divergence Kenneth Pomeranz, 2021-04-13 A landmark comparative history of Europe and China that examines why the Industrial Revolution emerged in the West The Great Divergence sheds light on one of the great questions of history: Why did sustained industrial growth begin in Northwest Europe? Historian Kenneth Pomeranz shows that as recently as 1750, life expectancy, consumption, and product and factor markets were comparable in Europe and East Asia. Moreover, key regions in China and Japan were no worse off ecologically than those in Western Europe, with each region facing corresponding shortages of land-intensive products. Pomeranz’s comparative lens reveals the two critical factors resulting in Europe's nineteenth-century divergence—the fortunate location of coal and access to trade with the New World. As East Asia’s economy stagnated, Europe narrowly escaped the same fate largely due to favorable resource stocks from underground and overseas. This Princeton Classics edition includes a preface from the author and makes a powerful historical work available to new readers. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Perpetual Happiness Shih-shan Henry Tsai, 2011-07-01 The reign of Emperor Yongle, or “Perpetual Happiness,” was one of the most dramatic and significant in Chinese history. It began with civil war and a bloody coup, saw the construction of the Forbidden City, the completion of the Grand Canal, consolidation of the imperial bureaucracy, and expansion of China’s territory into Mongolia, Manchuria, and Vietnam. Beginning with an hour-by-hour account of one day in Yongle’s court, Shih-shan Henry Tsai presents the multiple dimensions of the life of Yongle (Zhu Di, 1360-1424) in fascinating detail. Tsai examines the role of birth, education, and tradition in molding the emperor’s personality and values, and paints a rich portrait of a man characterized by stark contrasts. Synthesizing primary and secondary source materials, he has crafted a colorful biography of the most renowned of the Ming emperors. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: China Inside Out P l Ny¡ri, Joana Breidenbach, 2005-01-01 The war on terror has generated a scramble for expertise on Islamic or Asian culture and revived support for area studies, but it has done so at the cost of reviving the kinds of dangerous generalizations that area studies have rightly been accused of. This book provides a much-needed perspective on area studies, a perspective that is attentive to both manifestations of traditional culture and the new global relationships in which they are being played out. The authors shake off the shackles of the orientalist legacy but retain a close reading of local processes. They challenge the boundaries of China and question its study from different perspectives, but believe that area studies have a role to play if their geographies are studied according to certain common problems. In the case of China, the book shows the diverse array of critical but solidly grounded research approaches that can be used in studying a society. Its approach neither trivializes nor dismisses the elusive effects of culture, and it pays attention to both the state and the multiplicity of voices that challenge it. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Urban China World Bank, 2014-07-29 In the last 30 years, China’s record economic growth lifted half a billion people out of poverty, with rapid urbanization providing abundant labor, cheap land, and good infrastructure. While China has avoided some of the common ills of urbanization, strains are showing as inefficient land development leads to urban sprawl and ghost towns, pollution threatens people’s health, and farmland and water resources are becoming scarce. With China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion – or close to 70 percent of the country’s population – by 2030, China’s leaders are seeking a more coordinated urbanization process. Urban China is a joint research report by a team from the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council which was established to address the challenges and opportunities of urbanization in China and to help China forge a new model of urbanization. The report takes as its point of departure the conviction that China's urbanization can become more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable. However, it stresses that achieving this vision will require strong support from both government and the markets for policy reforms in a number of area. The report proposes six main areas for reform: first, amending land management institutions to foster more efficient land use, denser cities, modernized agriculture, and more equitable wealth distribution; second, adjusting the hukou household registration system to increase labor mobility and provide urban migrant workers equal access to a common standard of public services; third, placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing while fostering financial discipline among local governments; fourth, improving urban planning to enhance connectivity and encourage scale and agglomeration economies; fifth, reducing environmental pressures through more efficient resource management; and sixth, improving governance at the local level. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Qing Empire and the Opium War Haijian Mao, 2016-10-18 A comprehensive study of the Opium War that presents a revisionist reading of the conflict and its main Chinese protagonists. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Eco2 Cities Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki, Hinako Maruyama, 2010-05-07 This book is a point of departure for cities that would like to reap the many benefits of ecological and economic sustainability. It provides an analytical and operational framework that offers strategic guidance to cities on sustainable and integrated urban development. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: A History of the Rectangular Survey System C. Albert White, 1983 |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Special Economic Zones in Africa Thomas Farole, 2011-01-01 This book, designed for policymakers, academics and researchers, and SEZ program practitioners, provides the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of SEZ programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is the result of detailed surveys and case studies conducted during 2009 in ten developing countries, including six in Sub-Saharan Africa. The book provides quantitative evidence of the performance of SEZs, and of the factors which contribute to that performance, highlighting the critical importance not just of the SEZ itself but of the wider national investment climate in which it functions. It also provides a comprehensive guide to the key policy questions that confront governments establishing SEZ programs, including: if and when to launch an SEZ program, what form of SEZ is most appropriate, and how to go about implementing it. Among the most important findings from the study that is stressed in the book is the shift from traditional enclave models of zones to SEZs that are integrated ? with national trade and industrial strategies, with core trade and social infrastructure, with domestic suppliers, and with local labor markets.Although the book focuses primarily on the experience of Sub-Saharan Africa, its lessons will be applicable to developing countries around the world. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, Sung China, 960-1279 AD John W. Chaffee, Denis Twitchett, 2015-03-11 This is the second of two volumes on the Sung Dynasty, which together provide a comprehensive history of China from the fall of the T'ang Dynasty in 907 to the Mongol conquest of the Southern Sung in 1279. With contributions from leading historians in the field, Volume 5, Part Two paints a complex portrait of a dynasty beset by problems and contradictions, but one which, despite its military and geopolitical weakness, was nevertheless economically powerful, culturally brilliant, socially fluid and the most populous of any empire in global history to that point. In this much anticipated addition to the series, the authors survey key themes across ten chapters, including government, economy, society, religion, and thought to provide an authoritative and topical treatment of a profound and significant period in Chinese history. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: State and Crafts in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Christine Moll-Murata, 2018 This book, full of quantitative evidence and limited-circulation archives, details manufacturing and the beginnings of industrialisation in China from 1644 to 1911. It thoroughly examines the interior organisation of public craft production and the complementary activities of the private sector. It offers detailed knowledge of shipbuilding and printing. Moreover, it contributes to the research of labour history and the rise of capitalism in China through its examination of living conditions, working conditions, and wages. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Imperial China, 900–1800 F. W. Mote, 1999 In this history of China for the 900-year span of the late imperial period, Mote highlights the personal characteristics of the rulers and dynasties and probes the cultural theme of Chinese adaptations to recurrent alien rule. Generational events, personalities, and the spirit of the age combine to yield a comprehensive history of the civilization. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Women Reinventing Globalisation Caroline Sweetman, Joanna Kerr, 2003 This volume analyses approaches to economic and political change and propose ways of ensuring that ideas are translated into concrete actions. The aim is to re-politicise the gender and development community with a solutions-oriented approach which looks at globalisation through women's eyes, and finds energising ideas. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Worlds of the Indian Ocean Philippe Beaujard, 2019-10-24 Europe's place in history is re-assessed in this first comprehensive history of the ancient world, centering on the Indian Ocean and its role in pre-modern globalization. Philippe Beaujard presents an ambitious and comprehensive global history of the Indian Ocean world, from the earliest state formations to 1500 CE. Supported by a wealth of empirical data, full color maps, plates, and figures, he shows how Asia and Africa dominated the economic and cultural landscape and the flow of ideas in the pre-modern world. This led to a trans-regional division of labor and an Afro-Eurasian world economy. Beaujard questions the origins of capitalism and hints at how this world-system may evolve in the future. The result is a reorienting of world history, taking the Indian Ocean, rather than Europe, as the point of departure. Volume I provides in-depth coverage of the period from the fourth millennium BCE to the sixth century CE. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Modernizing China's Military Keith Crane, 2005 To help the U.S. Air Force assess the resources the government of the People's Republic of China is likely to spend on its military over the next two decades, this study projects future growth in Chinese government expenditures as a whole and the military in particular, evaluates the current and likely future capabilities of China's defense industries, and compares likely future Chinese expenditures on defense with recent expenditures by the United States and the U.S. Air Force. Although economic growth in China is destined to slow, output will still triple by 2025. In addition, government reforms hold the promise of improving the weak performance of China's defense industries. Although the researchers' high-end forecast of military expenditures is based on the assumption that the Chinese government would be able to spend 5.0 percent of GDP on defense, they believe that pressures within China to increase social spending on health care, pensions, education, and the environment, coupled with the costs of paying the Chinese government's liabilities, make it more likely that military spending will not rise above 2.3 percent of GDP. Using a combination of projected market and purchasing power parity exchange rates, the authors forecast that Chinese military spending is likely to rise from an estimated $69 billion in 2003 to $185 billion by 2025-approximately 61 percent of what the Department of Defense spent in 2003. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: China Frederica M. Bunge, In-sŏp Sin, 1981 |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Soviet Union Raymond E. Zickel, 1991 |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Sub-Saharan Africa World Bank, 1989 3. Investing in people. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects James Price Gittinger, 1972 Projects: the cutting edge of development; Identifying costs and benefits of agricultural projects; Selecting proper values; Comparing costs and benetits; Applying discounted measures of project worth; Financial analysis cosiderations for agricultural projects; Source of assistance for project preparation. |
| ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: International Standard Classification of Occupations International Labour Office, 2012 The International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08) is a four-level hierarchically structured classification that covers all jobs in the world. Developed with the benefit of accumulated national and international experience as well as the help of experts from many countries and agencies, ISCO-08 is fully supported by the international community as an accepted standard for international labour statistics. ISCO-08 classifies jobs into 436 unit groups. These unit groups are aggregated into 130 minor groups, 43 sub-major groups and 10 major groups, based on their similarity in terms of the skill level and skill specialisation required for the jobs. This allows the production of relatively detailed internationally comparable data as well as summary information for only 10 groups at the highest level of aggregation. Each group in the classification is designated by a title and code number and is associated with a definition that specifies the scope of the group. The classification is divided into two volumes: Volume I presents the structure and definitions of all groups in ISCO-08 and their correspondence with ISCO-88, which it supersedes, while Volume II provides an updated and expanded index of occupational titles and associated ISCO-08 and ISCO-88 codes. |
Ming Practice Of Collecting Taxes In Hard Currency
Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency: The Ming Dynasty's innovative and sometimes controversial methods of collecting taxes in hard currency, primarily silver, shaped its economy and had lasting impacts on its society and the broader world.
3.2 Empires: Administration - apwhm.weebly.com
Taxation and Peasant Rebellion: Evidence from Late Ming Dynasty …
In this paper, I specifically focus on the Three Military Campaign Taxes (“San Xiang,” which refers to three types of field taxes imposed at the end of the Ming Dynasty). The taxation system is …
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Chinese cities. Seeing the Ming dynasty on the point of collapse, Dorgon turned his armies southward in 1644, conquering Peking and thus putting an end to the Ming dynasty. The final …
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In the early Ming Dynasty, silver was not lawful money, and silver, as well as gold, were forbidden to trade. According to Da Ming Hui Dian (Aryj~$l. Collected Statutes of the Great Ming), there …
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Using this framework, Ming scholars and printers together produced a wide variety of classified compendia that increasingly went beyond the classical, literary, and historical encyclopedias …
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In addition to greatly expanding the production of paper currency and copper coins, Chengzu also financed his many ambitious projects by increasing mining quotas. He ordered that mines be …
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the taxes provoked in the end peasant risings all over China. It was the leader of a rebel peasant army who actually took Peking and caused the suicide of the last Ming emperor; only then, …
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The Ming tax system had two primary components - the land tax and the service levy, also known as corvée. The land tax was collected “in-kind” - in grain and cloth.
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The publication of reference encyclopedias (leishu) and daily-usecompendia (riyong leishu) during the late Ming dynasty (1368-1644) drew onearlier book collections, which Chinese literati …
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EMERGING MARKET HARD CURRENCY BONDS OFFER A COMPELLING RISK-REWARD PAYOFF Asset Class Risk-Return Source: Bloomberg, J.P Morgan Data Query. Data from …
factsheet Neuberger Berman Emerging Market Debt - Hard Currency …
Neuberger Berman Emerging Market Debt Hard Currency Fund, managed by Bart van der Made, Rob Drijkoningen and Gorky Urquieta for Pan European Fixed Income Manager of the Year, …
THE MONETIZATION OF SILVER IN THE MING (1368- 1644): …
ways of it were the converting taxes and corvee into silver. 2 Since the ages of Chenghua nlG1t and Hongzhi i5L.1r:1, silver had entered its transitional period from unlawful money to actual …
Bloomberg Barclays MSCI EM Hard Currency Aggregate Sustainability Index
• For flagship EM hard currency indices, Bloomberg defines quasi-sovereigns as any non sovereign government related issuer inclusive of both government-related agency and local …
Taxes in Practice - IMF
people on an indicator of their ability to pay, collecting pro-gressively more from those with higher incomes. But the indicator is imperfect, because the government cannot be ... Taxes in …
THE ECONOMICS OF CURRENCY RISK NATIONAL BUREAU OF …
of currency premia in models with intermediary capital constraints, trade costs, and di erences in resource endowments, among others. We survey the rapidly growing empirical and theoretical …
Ultra-low Tax Regime in Imperial China, 1368-1911 - London …
1 Ultra-low Tax Regime in Imperial China, 1368-1911 Kent Deng JEL Classification: B10, H11, H20, N35, N45 Keywords: State-peasant alliance, benevolent rule, rent-seeking, tax burden, …
FINANCIAL TRANSACTION TAXES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
Matheson (2011) suggests a nomenclature for the variety of such taxes. Securities transaction taxes (STTs) apply to the issuance and/or trading of financial securities and potentially include …
Financial TransacTion Taxes in Theory and PracTice - Tax Policy …
Matheson (2011) suggests a nomenclature for the variety of such taxes. Securities transaction taxes (STTs) apply to the issuance and/or trading of financial securities and potentially include …
Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in Ghana – Creating Value …
makes it hard to measure the size of the sector (in Ghana and also globally) and thus measure its impact. Figures vary dramatically depending on the definition and the minerals considered. …
Guide to Collecting and Paying Federal and Provincial Sales Taxes
4. Overview of taxes This section of the guide provides an overview of the dif ferent types of federal and provincial sales taxes and other taxes and fees. Departments are involved in taxes …
Emerging Markets: Assessment of Hard-Currency Bond Market
hard-currency bonds and bond issuers is meant to be used by researchers, academics, financial institutions, investors, fund managers, and other stakeholders to guide their analysis and …
The Reporting Currency—Measurement and Presentation of
(a) the currency in which funds from financing activities (ie issuing debt and equity instruments) are generated. (b) the currency in which receipts from operating activities are usually retained. …
MONEY AND MONETARY POLICY - Boston University
collecting taxes, this can lead to “too much money chasing too few goods” and hyperinflation. 17. Nelson takes a $100 bill he had in his wallet and deposits it into his checking account. Thus, …
Monetary Policy in the Confederacy - Richmond Fed
for the Tax of 1861 by collecting duties from its citizens; the other states sim-ply took out loans to pay their share. As more and more tax bills were passed, the tax code became increas-ingly …
Collecting Taxes During an Economic Crisis: Challenges and Policy ...
Collecting Taxes During an Economic Crisis: Challenges and Policy Options SPN/09/17 July 14, 2009 ... cheating on their taxes8 and as a consequence of progressivity in the tax code.9 The …
Systems, Processes and Challenges of Public Revenue Collection in Zimbabwe
regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa were by 2005 offering generous tax holidays. The source also refers to the “hard-to-tax” sectors, a reference to small businesses, small farmers, …
Cold hard (digital) cash: the economics of central bank digital currency
Cold hard (digital) cash: the economics of central bank digital currency by , , , , , and [] Central banks around the world are exploring the case for central bank digital currency (CBDC) – …
Financial TransacTion Taxes in Theory and PracTice
Matheson (2011) suggests a nomenclature for the variety of such taxes. Securities transaction taxes (STTs) apply to the issuance and/or trading of financial securities and potentially include …
Tax Farming Revenues and Accounting in Ottoman Finance: The …
to direct taxes on agricultural production as well as indirect taxes such as customs duties (Özbek, 2018). In recent years, European economic historians have com-pared the relationship …
Tax Collection in Pakistan: Determinants and Impact on
However, collecting taxes is considered a challenging task due to many reasons, including evasion of tax and corruption (Oyedele, 2012). Various authorities collect taxes at federal, …
Is It Really So Hard to Tax the Hard-to-Tax? The Context and …
1 1. Introduction In all countries, some enterprises and individuals manage to avoid the full impact of the tax system. They do so in many ways.
THE CASE FOR EMERGING MARKETS DEBT HARD CURRENCY
THE CASE FOR EMERGING MARKETS DEBT HARD CURRENCY Page 2 of 11 AT A GLANCE Over the past two decades, the emerging markets debt (EMD) universe has grown …
Virtual Currency and Taxes - tx.cpa
currency. Example 3: If a business sells its product worth $1,000 and receives three virtual currency units that were trading at $500 apiece, it recognizes ordinary gain of $500. The basis …
Chinese Primacy in East Asian History: Deconstructing the Tribute ...
and shifted the focus to a study on East Asian politics during China’s early Ming dynasty (1368-1424). The starting point has been to examine the cherished idea of the “tribute system,” …
INTRODUCTION CHALLENGES
3. The tax system must move towards a tax structure that relies more on consumption taxes and less on income and trade taxes as these have proved to be volatile and may cause inefficiency …
A Critical Review of SOFT CURRENCY ECONOMICS
SOFT CURRENCY ECONOMICS by Pavlina R. Tcherneva Gettysburg College INTRODUCTION Warren Mosler has worked as a fixed income trader for over twenty years and is the cofounder …
SILVER, STATE, AND SOCIETY: A MONETARY - University of …
the Ming 'silver rush' of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the dispatch of eunuch tax commissioners throughout the empire in search of new sources of the metal, was a direct …
Fact Sheet:State Street Emerging Markets Hard Currency ... - SSGA
State Street Emerging Markets Hard Currency Government Bond Index Fund 31 October 2024 State Street Global Advisors Source: SSGA. Characteristics, Credit Rating Exposure …
Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little? - American Economic …
bility. Collecting trade taxes requires only observing trade flows at borders, while collecting income taxes requires a much more elaborate system of monitoring, enforcement, and …
CHAPTER 5 TAX ADMINISTRATION IN AFRICA - United Nations …
activities for collecting taxes: • Identifying “taxable subjects” (individuals or business enterprises). • Assigning unique identifiers that make it possible to recognize them in future. • Creating a …
Financial TransacTion Taxes in Theory and PracTice - Urban Institute
Matheson (2011) suggests a nomenclature for the variety of such taxes. Securities transaction taxes (STTs) apply to the issuance and/or trading of financial securities and potentially include …
THE GRANDEUR OF THE QING ECONOMY - Columbia University
Taxes Paid in Money During the Qing period, all Chinese people had to pay part of their taxes to the government in money (usually copper coins or silver) as opposed to goods-in-kind. This …
Black Markets for Currency, Hoarding Activity and Policy Reforms
Working Paper Black Markets for Currency, Hoarding Activity and Policy Reforms Linda S. Goldberg and I1 'd ar Karimov WP-92-044 July 1992 ElllASA International Institute for Applied …
State-Issued Currency and the Ratification of the U.S. Constitution …
Currency and the Constitution 313 War. As a consequence, some historians have assumed that paper money was always issued as an easy form of government finance.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE GATT RULES GOVERNING
since the currency reform have tended to push the Mark toward undervaluation. Germany has enjoyed an export surplus in every year but the first two since the currency reform. By 1957, …
Emerging Markets Hard or INSIGHT Local Currency? - Allnews
investors is whether they should choose a hard or local currency allocation. HSBC has produced a timely research piece on this subject (Fig.1). Their conclusion being you should buy hard …
“Collecting more taxes than is absolutely necessary is
Taxes can be defined as a “compulsory levy by the government on the people’s income or wealth without a direct quid pro quo” (Song and Yarbrough 1978). Taxes are typically levied on …
Taxes in Practice - eclass-b.uoa.gr
people on an indicator of their ability to pay, collecting pro-gressively more from those with higher incomes. But the indicator is imperfect, because the government cannot be ... Taxes in …
Local Currency Financing - Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
financing by introducing hard and local currency (LCY) financing products. • AIIB clients with revenues in local currency should have an opportunity to borrow in their local currency, instead …
USSR: FACING THE DILEMMA OF HARD CURRENCY SHORTAGES
title: ussr: facing the dilemma of hard currency shortages subject: ussr: facing the dilemma of hard currency shortages keywords
‘Sweet and Sour Confucianism’. The Impact of Culture on the Qing …
Ming Emperor, the victim of the Ming rebellion, was buried in a state funeral organised by the Qing authorise, ex-Ming officials were recruited and the Ming laws and regulations were …
The Nature and Linkages of China’s Tributary System under the Ming …
the Chinese Empire, especially under the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. Between 1368 and 1911, China’s interaction with the geopolitical units of the East Asian world …
Hard currency and sound credit: A financial agenda for ... - EconStor
prevention mechanism could be demonstrated in theory and implemented in practice. That puts the burden on countries to put in place a stronger financial structure both in terms of currency …
Financial TransacTion Taxes in Theory and PracTice - Brookings
174 National Tax Journal that is traded. FTT rates typically range from 0.1 to 0.5 percent, although much smaller taxes have often been levied in the United States.
Large print guide – Room 95: Chinese Ceramics - British Museum
early Ming dynasty in response to orders placed by the Yongle and Xuande emperors (AD 1403–35), exemplified by this large dish. The court-ordered examples are similar in quality, …
LPFMII-15-007 COLLECTING TAXES TECHNICAL NOTE - U.S.
COLLECTING TAXES TECHNICAL NOTE Leadership in Public Financial Management II (LPFM II) LPFMII-15-007 . DISCLAIMER . This document is made possible by the support of the …
PAYMENT BY CURRENCY UNDER ISLAMIC LAW - SEAJBEL
the fact whether such state is Sharia Compliance or a secular. It is usually considered that the system of payment by currency under Islamic law is complex and old. The paper below in the …
RRA Tax Handbook
Foreword by the Commissioner General Foreword by the Commissioner General It gives me great pleasure to present to you the 2nd online edition of the
