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| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Explaining Terrorism Martha Crenshaw, 2011 This volume comprises some of the key essays by Professor Crenshaw, from 1972 to the present-day, on the causes, processes and consequences of terrorism. Since the early 1970s, scholars and practitioners have tried to explain terrorism and to assess the effectiveness of government responses to the threat. From its beginnings in a small handful of analytical studies, the research field has expanded to thousands of entries, with an enormous spike following the 9/11 attacks. The field of terrorism studies is now impressive in terms of quantity, scope, and variety. Professor Crenshaw had studied terrorism since the late 1960s, well before it was topical, and this selection of her work represents the development of her thought over time in four areas: defining terrorism and identifying its causes the different methods used to explain terrorism, including strategic, organisational and psychological approaches how campaigns of terrorism end how governments can effectively contribute to the ending of terrorism. This collection of essays by one of the pioneering thinkers in the field of terrorism studies will be essential reading for all students of political violence and terrorism, security studies and IR/politics in general. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Terrorism in Context Martha Crenshaw, 2010-11-01 |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism Erica Chenoweth, Richard English, Andreas Gofas, Stathis N. Kalyvas, 2019-03-14 The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism systematically integrates the substantial body of scholarship on terrorism and counterterrorism before and after 9/11. In doing so, it introduces scholars and practitioners to state of the art approaches, methods, and issues in studying and teaching these vital phenomena. This Handbook goes further than most existing collections by giving structure and direction to the fast-growing but somewhat disjointed field of terrorism studies. The volume locates terrorism within the wider spectrum of political violence instead of engaging in the widespread tendency towards treating terrorism as an exceptional act. Moreover, the volume makes a case for studying terrorism within its socio-historical context. Finally, the volume addresses the critique that the study of terrorism suffers from lack of theory by reviewing and extending the theoretical insights contributed by several fields - including political science, political economy, history, sociology, anthropology, criminology, law, geography, and psychology. In doing so, the volume showcases the analytical advancements and reflects on the challenges that remain since the emergence of the field in the early 1970s. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Psychology of Terrorism , 2007 In compiling this annotated bibliography on the psychology of terrorism, the author has defined terrorism as acts of violence intentionally perpetrated on civilian noncombatants with the goal of furthering some ideological, religious or political objective. The principal focus is on nonstate actors. The task was to identify and analyze the scientific and professional social science literature pertaining to the psychological and/or behavioral dimensions of terrorist behavior (not on victimization or effects). The objectives were to explore what questions pertaining to terrorist groups and behavior had been asked by social science researchers; to identify the main findings from that research; and attempt to distill and summarize them within a framework of operationally relevant questions. To identify the relevant social science literature, the author began by searching a series of major academic databases using a systematic, iterative keyword strategy, mapping, where possible, onto existing subject headings. The focus was on locating professional social science literature published in major books or in peer-reviewed journals. Searches were conducted of the following databases October 2003: Sociofile/Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts (CJ Abstracts), Criminal Justice Periodical Index (CJPI), National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts (NCJRS), PsycInfo, Medline, and Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Three types of annotations were provided for works in this bibliography: Author's Abstract -- this is the abstract of the work as provided (and often published) by the author; Editor's Annotation -- this is an annotation written by the editor of this bibliography; and Key Quote Summary -- this is an annotation composed of key quotes from the original work, edited to provide a cogent overview of its main points. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Conflict After the Cold War Richard K. Betts, 2017-03-27 Edited by one of the most renowned scholars in the field, Richard Betts' Conflict After the Cold War assembles classic and contemporary readings on enduring problems of international security. Offering broad historical and philosophical breadth, the carefully chosen and excerpted selections in this popular reader help students engage key debates over the future of war and the new forms that violent conflict will take. Conflict After the Cold War encourages closer scrutiny of the political, economic, social, and military factors that drive war and peace. New to the Fifth Edition: Original introductions to each of 10 major parts as well as to the book as a whole have been updated by the author. An entirely new section (Part IX) on Threat Assessment and Misjudgment explores fundamental problems in diagnosing danger, understanding strategic choices, and measuring costs against benefits in wars over limited stakes. 12 new readings have been added or revised: Fred C. Iklé, The Dark Side of Progress G. John Ikenberry, China’s Choice Kenneth N. Waltz, Why Nuclear Proliferation May Be Good Daniel Byman, Drones: Technology Serves Strategy Audrey Kurth Cronin, Drones: Tactics Undermine Strategy Eyre Crowe and Thomas Sanderson, The German Threat? 1907 Neville Henderson, The German Threat? 1938 Vladimir Putin, The Threat to Ukraine from the West Eliot A. Cohen, The Russian Threat James C. Thomson, Jr., How Could Vietnam Happen? An Autopsy Stephen Biddle, Afghanistan’s Legacy Martin C. Libicki, Why Cyberdeterrence is Different |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: The Mind of the Terrorist Jerrold M. Post, 2007-12-10 In contrast to the widely held assumption that terrorists as crazed fanatics, Jerrold Post demonstrates they are psychologically normal and that hatred has been bred in the bone. He reveals the powerful motivations that drive these ordinary people to such extraordinary evil by exploring the different types of terrorists, from national-separatists like the Irish Republican Army to social revolutionary terrorists like the Shining Path, as well as religious extremists like al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo. In The Mind of the Terrorist, Post uses his expertise to explain how the terrorist mind works and how this information can help us to combat terrorism more effectively. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Dying to Win Robert Pape, 2006-07-25 Includes a new Afterword Finalist for the Council on Foreign Relations Arthur Ross Book Award One of the world’s foremost authorities on the subject of suicide terrorism, the esteemed political scientist Robert Pape has created the first comprehensive database of every suicide terrorist attack in the world from 1980 until today. In Dying to Win, Pape provides a groundbreaking demographic profile of modern suicide terrorist attackers–and his findings offer a powerful counterpoint to what we now accept as conventional wisdom on the topic. He also examines the early practitioners of this guerrilla tactic, including the ancient Jewish Zealots, who in A.D. 66 wished to liberate themselves from Roman occupation; the Ismaili Assassins, a Shi’ite Muslim sect in northern Iran in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; World War II’s Japanese kamikaze pilots, three thousand of whom crashed into U.S. naval vessels; and the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, a secular, Marxist-Leninist organization responsible for more suicide terrorist attacks than any other group in history. Dying to Win is a startling work of analysis grounded in fact, not politics, that recommends concrete ways for states to fight and prevent terrorist attacks now. Transcending speculation with systematic scholarship, this is one of the most important studies of the terrorist threat to the United States and its allies since 9/11. “Invaluable . . . gives Americans an urgently needed basis for devising a strategy to defeat Osama bin Laden and other Islamist militants.” –Michael Scheuer, author of Imperial Hubris “Provocative . . . Pape wants to change the way you think about suicide bombings and explain why they are on the rise.” –Henry Schuster, CNN.com “Enlightening . . . sheds interesting light on a phenomenon often mistakenly believed to be restricted to the Middle East.” –The Washington Post Book World “Brilliant.” –Peter Bergen, author of Holy War, Inc. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Consequences of Counterterrorism , |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups Mark S. Hamm, 2011 This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Examines terrorists¿ involvement in a variety of crimes ranging from motor vehicle violations, immigration fraud, and mfg. illegal firearms to counterfeiting, armed bank robbery, and smuggling weapons of mass destruction. There are 3 parts: (1) Compares the criminality of internat. jihad groups with domestic right-wing groups. (2) Six case studies of crimes includes trial transcripts, official reports, previous scholarship, and interviews with law enforce. officials and former terrorists are used to explore skills that made crimes possible; or events and lack of skill that the prevented crimes. Includes brief bio. of the terrorists along with descriptions of their org., strategies, and plots. (3) Analysis of the themes in closing arguments of the transcripts in Part 2. Illus. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Disciplining Terror Lisa Stampnitzky, 2013-04-18 Since 9/11 we have been told that terrorists are pathological evildoers, beyond our comprehension. Before the 1970s, however, hijackings, assassinations, and other acts we now call 'terrorism' were considered the work of rational strategic actors. Disciplining Terror examines how political violence became 'terrorism', and how this transformation ultimately led to the current 'war on terror'. Drawing upon archival research and interviews with terrorism experts, Lisa Stampnitzky traces the political and academic struggles through which experts made terrorism, and terrorism made experts. She argues that the expert discourse on terrorism operates at the boundary - itself increasingly contested - between science and politics, and between academic expertise and the state. Despite terrorism now being central to contemporary political discourse, there have been few empirical studies of terrorism experts. This book investigates how the concept of terrorism has been developed and used over recent decades. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Root Causes of Terrorism Tore Bjørgo, 2005-06-30 This team of international experts analyses the possibilities and limitations of preventing or reducing terrorism by addressing the factors that give rise to it and sustain it. The key questions raised include:* what are the main circumstances that provide preconditions for the emergence of various types of terrorism?* what are the typical precipit |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: How Terrorism Ends Audrey Kurth Cronin, 2011-08-28 Annotation This work answers questions concerning the length of time that terrorist campaigns last and when targeting leadership finishes a group. It examines a wide range of historical examples to identify the ways in which almost all terrorist groups die out. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: The History of Terrorism Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin, 2016-08-23 First published in English in 2007 under title: The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Terrorism National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Center for Social and Economic Studies, Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, Panel on Behavioral, Social, and Institutional Issues, 2002-12-20 The events and aftermath of September 11, 2001, profoundly changed the course of history of the nation. They also brought the phenomenon known as terrorism to the forefront of the nation's consciousness. As it became thus focused, the limits of scientific understanding of terrorism and the capacity to develop policies to deal with it became even more evident. The objective of this report is to bring behavioral and social science perspectives to bear on the nature, determinants, and domestic responses to contemporary terrorism as a way of making theoretical and practical knowledge more adequate to the task. It also identifies areas of research priorities for the behavioral and social sciences. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Suicide Terrorism Ami Pedahzur, 2005 Suicide terrorism in its modern form made its first appearance in Lebanon in the early 1980s. Over the last quarter century, terrorist attacks perpetrated by suicide bombers have spread to many corners of the world and have become a major threat for both the governments and citizens of numerous countries. Can this devastating phenomenon be attributed to a specific religion or culture? What are the causes and motivations that lead ordinary people to embark upon suicide attacks? How are potential bombers trained for their mission? And is it possible for democratic governments to effectively cope with this challenge? In this compelling book, Ami Pedazhur investigates the root causes of suicide terrorism and its rapid proliferation in recent years. Drawing on a variety of sources, the book explores the use of human bombs in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Chechnya, Iraq, and the ostentatious attacks of Al-Qaeda and the global jihad. It is the only book to offer such an in-depth, up-to-date, cross cultural analysis of suicide terrorism in the twenty-first Century. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Dying to Kill Mia Bloom, 2005 What motivates suicide bombers in Iraq and around the world? Can winning the hearts and minds of local populations stop them? Will the phenomenon spread to the United States? These vital questions are at the heart of this important book. Mia Bloom examines the use, strategies, successes, and failures of suicide bombing in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe and assesses the effectiveness of government responses. She argues that in many instances the efforts of Israel, Russia, and the United States in Iraq have failed to deter terrorism and suicide bombings. Bloom also considers how terrorist groups learn from one another, how they respond to counterterror tactics, the financing of terrorism, and the role of suicide attacks against the backdrop of larger ethnic and political conflicts. Dying to Kill begins with a review of the long history of terrorism, from ancient times to modernity, from the Japanese Kamikazes during World War II, to the Palestinian, Tamil, Iraqi, and Chechen terrorists of today. Bloom explores how suicide terror is used to achieve the goals of terrorist groups: to instill public fear, attract international news coverage, gain support for their cause, and create solidarity or competition between disparate terrorist organizations. She contends that it is often social and political motivations rather than inherently religious ones that inspire suicide bombers. In her chapter focusing on the increasing number of women suicide bombers and terrorists, Bloom examines Sri Lanka, where 33 percent of bombers have been women; Turkey, where the PKK used women feigning pregnancy as bombers; and the role of the Black Widows in the Chechen struggle against Moscow. The motives of individuals, whether religious or nationalist, are important but the larger question is, what external factors make it possible for suicide terrorism to flourish? Bloom describes these conditions and develops a theory of why terrorist tactics work in some instances and fail in others. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Psychology of Terrorism Bruce Michael Bongar, 2007 Publisher description |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Transnational Terrorism Steven M. Chermak, 2019-11-11 The dramatic terrorist attacks of 9/11 highlighted significant gaps in research on the topic as governments, community groups, social service agencies and law enforcement agencies were forced to respond without any evidence-based guidance on best practices for tactics, strategies, and policy development. The essays selected for this volume demonstrate that transnational terrorism is now a thriving area of study and display the breadth and depth of scholarship that has recently been published. The research draws attention to global patterns of transnational terrorism; highlights various structural and cultural explanations; provides an overview of some of the ways that terrorism impacts society; and discusses strategies used to effectively respond to transnational terrorism. This volume, which is of interest to academics, policymakers and practitioners, provides a repository of some of the best contemporary research in this field. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Friction Clark R. McCauley, Sophia Moskalenko, 2017 In this ground-breaking and important book, Clark McCauley and Sophia Moskalenko identify twelve mechanisms of political radicalization that can move individuals, groups, and the masses to increased sympathy and support for political violence, drawing on wide-ranging case histories to show striking parallels between 1800s anti-czarist terrorism, 1970s anti-war terrorism, and 21st century jihadist terrorism. In the context of the Islamic State's worldwide effort to radicalize moderate Muslims for jihad, they advance a model that differentiates radicalization in opinion from radicalization in action, and suggests different strategies for countering these different forms of radicalization. Their controversial conclusion is that the same mechanisms are at work in radicalizing both terrorists and states targeted by terrorists. The implications of this conclusion are as relevant for policy makers and security officers as for citizens facing terrorist threats. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Terrorism in Africa Martha Crenshaw, 1993 Part of a series, this work is concerned with international terrorism, and deals with its manifestation in Africa. Among the events and topics covered are: the Entebbe rescue mission; African guerillas and indigenous governments; South Africa, terrorism and state disintegration; and more. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism James R. Lewis, 2017-07-25 There is currently much discussion regarding the causes of terrorist acts, as well as the connection between terrorism and religion. Terrorism is attributed either to religious 'fanaticism' or, alternately, to political and economic factors, with religion more or less dismissed as a secondary factor. The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism examines this complex relationship between religion and terrorism phenomenon through a collection of essays freshly written for this volume. Bringing varying approaches to the topic, from the theoretical to the empirical, the Companion includes an array of subjects, such as radicalization, suicide bombing, and rational choice, as well as specific case studies. The result is a richly textured collection that prompts readers to critically consider the cluster of phenomena that we have come to refer to as 'terrorism,' and terrorism's relationship with the similarly problematic set of phenomena that we call 'religion.' |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Constructions of Terrorism Michael Stohl, Richard Burchill, Scott Englund, 2017-08 This publication is part of the Constructions of Terrorism Research Project being carried out through a partnership between TRENDS Research & Advisory, Abu Dhabi, UAE, and the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Countering Terrorism Martha Crenshaw, Gary LaFree, 2017-01-03 Can We Construct a Grand Strategy to Counter Terrorism? Fifteen years after September 11, the United States still faces terror threats—both domestic and foreign. After years of wars, ever more intensive and pervasive surveillance, enhanced security measures at major transportation centers, and many attempts to explain who we are fighting and why and how to fight them, the threats continue to multiply. So, too, do our attempts to understand just what terrorism is and how to counter it. Two leaders in the field of terrorism studies, Martha Crenshaw and Gary LaFree, provide a critical look at how we have dealt with the terror threat over the years. They make clear why it is so difficult to create policy to counter terrorism. The foes are multiple and often amorphous, the study of the field dogged by disagreement on basic definitional and methodological issues, and the creation of policy hobbled by an exacting standard: the counterterrorist must succeed all the time; the terrorist only once. As Countering Terrorism shows, there are no simple solutions to this threat. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Islamist Radicalisation Tinka Veldhuis, Jørgen Staun, 2009 |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: The Psychology of Terrorism John G. Horgan, 2014-06-16 This new edition of John Horgan's critically acclaimed book is fully revised and expanded. The book presents a critical analysis of our existing knowledge and understanding of terrorist psychology. Despite the on-going search for a terrorist pathology, the most insightful and evidence-based research to date not only illustrates the lack of any identifiable psychopathology in terrorists, but demonstrates how frighteningly 'normal' and unremarkable in psychological terms are those who engage in terrorist activity. By producing a clearer map of the processes that impinge upon the individual terrorist, a different type of terrorist psychology emerges, one which has clearer implications for efforts at countering and disrupting violent extremism in today's world. In this 2nd edition, Horgan further develops his approach to the arc of terrorism by delving deeper into his IED model of Involvement, Engagement and Disengagement – the three phases of terrorism experienced by every single terrorist. Drawing on new and exciting research from the past decade, with new details from interviews with terrorists ranging from al-Qaeda to left-wing revolutionaries, biographies and autobiographies of former terrorists, and insights from historic and contemporary terrorist attacks since 2005, Horgan presents a fully revised and expanded edition of his signature text. This new edition of The Psychology of Terrorism will be essential reading for students of terrorism and political violence, and counterterrorism studies, and recommended for forensic psychology, criminology, international security and IR in general. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Leashing the Dogs of War Chester A Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, 2007 The definitive volume on the sources of contemporary conflict and the array of possible responses to it. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Contemporary Terrorism Studies Diego Muro, Tim Wilson, 2022 'Contemporary Terrorism Studies' is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to terrorism studies, examining key issues and debates, and featuring dedicated sections on terrorism and counter-terrorism. - When do individuals radicalise? - Can terrorism be rational? - How can we define terrorism? - What is the role of women in terrorism? - Can states be terrorist? World leading experts answer these questions in Contemporary Terrorism Studies, the first textbook to provide a multi-disciplinary, methodologically plural, and richly diverse introduction to terrorism studies. Contemporary Terrorism Studies covers the main approaches in terrorism studies, and is structured into three comprehensive sections. The first on 'The State of Terrorism Studies' maps the development and historical context of the discipline, and looks to the future of terrorism studies. Part two on 'Issues and Debates in Terrorism Studies' examines key contentious questions and debates such as the role of women, technology, and the media in terrorism. The final part, part three on 'Countering Terrorism' focuses specifically on counterterrorism: it's instruments, foreign policy, legal frameworks, and organisations. Overall, text will engage students, and establish a confident understanding of the subject. The textbook has been developed with pedagogical features to help enhance student learning. Each chapter contains case studies to highlight real world examples of political violence, questions for reflection to encourage critical thinking, and suggestions for further reading which provide useful sources for further reading, essays, and exam preparation. Furthermore, a consistent, accessible tone, and jargon-free writing style makes Contemporary Terrorism Studies the clearest guide to understanding terrorism. Digital formats and resources Contemporary Terrorism Studies is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources. - The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with hyperlinks to question pointers, and a library of web links, helping you to broaden your knowledge and understanding terrorism studies: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks - Student resources: additional case studies, guidance on accessing databases, pointers for tackling the questions for reflection, and suggested web links organised by chapter are available online. - Lecturer resources: customisable PowerPoint slides to adapt and use in teaching |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Terrorism, Crime, and Public Policy Brian Forst, 2008-10-20 Terrorism, Crime, and Public Policy describes the problem of terrorism; compares it to other forms of aggression, particularly crime and war; and discusses policy options for dealing with the terrorism. It focuses on the causes of terrorism with the aim of understanding its roots and providing insights toward policies that will serve to prevent it. The book serves as a single-source reference on terrorism and as a platform for more in-depth study, with a set of discussion questions at the end of each chapter. Individual chapters focus on the nature of terrorism, theories of aggression and terrorism, the history of terrorism, the role of religion, non-religious extremism and terrorism, the role of technology, terrorism throughout the modern world, responses to terrorism, fear of terrorism, short-term approaches and long-term strategies for preventing terrorism, balancing security and rights to liberty and privacy, and pathways to a safer and saner 21st century. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Why Terrorism Works Alan M. Dershowitz, 2003-08-11 One of America's most distinguished defenders of civil liberties presents measures that will prevent terrorism and still uphold our democratic values The greatest danger facing the world today, says Alan M. Dershowitz, comes from religiously inspired, state sponsored terrorist groups that seek to develop weapons of mass destruction for use against civilian targets. In his newest book, Dershowitz argues passionately and persuasively that global terrorism is a phenomenon largely of our own making and that we must and can take steps to reduce the frequency and severity of terrorist acts. Analyzing recent acts of terrorism and our reaction to them, Dershowitz explains that terrorism is successful when the international community gives in to the demands of terrorists--or even tries to understand and eliminate the root causes of terrorism. He discusses extreme approaches to wiping out international terrorism that would work if we were not constrained by legal, moral, and humanitarian considerations. And then, given that we do operate under such constraints, he offers a series of proposals that would effectively reduce the frequency and severity of international terrorism by striking a balance between security and liberty. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology Kathleen Odell Korgen, 2021-03-11 The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology gives an overview of the field that is both comprehensive and up to date. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Case Studies in Interdisciplinary Research Allen F. Repko, William H. Newell, Rick Szostak, 2011-02-07 Case Studies in Interdisciplinary Research successfully applies the model of the interdisciplinary research process outlined by author Allen F. Repko in Interdisciplinary Research, (SAGE ©2008) to a wide spectrum of challenging research questions. Self-contained case studies, written by leaders in interdisciplinary research, and utilizing best-practice techniques in conducting interdisciplinary research shows students how to apply the interdisciplinary research process to a variety of problems. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Ethics in Counter-Terrorism Magdalena Badde-Revue, Marie-des-Neiges Ruffo de Calabre, 2018-04-10 European armed forces have frequently had to participate in counter-terrorist operations while abroad. For many, however, counter-terrorist operations in their home country are a relatively new phenomenon. Armed and uniformed soldiers can now be seen doing work which is, in some respects, comparable to that of the civilian security forces. What are the ethical implications of this phenomenon? To what extent does it change the relationship between the soldier and the democratic state? Do emerging technologies encroach on democratic freedoms? Does the phenomenon re-define the relationship between the police and the military? Under what conditions can soldiers be trained to achieve victory by force of arms, be used effectively in crowded city centres? Conversely, do we also risk over-militarising our police? |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Terrorism Versus Democracy Paul Wilkinson, 2011-02 Examines global terrorist networks and discusses the long-term future of terrorism. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Ending Terrorism Audrey Kurth Cronin, 2012-12-06 Like all other terrorist movements, al-Qaeda will end. While it has traits that exploit and reflect the current international context, it is not utterly without precedent: some aspects of al-Qaeda are unusual, but many are not. Terrorist groups end according to recognisable patterns that have persisted for centuries, and they reflect, among other factors, the counter-terrorist policies taken against them. It makes sense to formulate those policies with a specific image of an end in mind. Understanding how terrorism ends is the best way to avoid being manipulated by the tactic. There is vast historical experience with the decline and ending of terrorist campaigns, yet few policymakers are familiar with it. This paper first explains five typical strategies of terrorism and why Western thinkers fail to grasp them. It then describes historical patterns in ending terrorism to suggest how insights from that history can lay a foundation for more effective counter-strategies. Finally, it extracts policy prescriptions specifically relevant to ending the campaign of al-Qaeda and its associates, moving towards a post-al-Qaeda world. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Blind Spot Tim Naftali, 2009-04-24 In this revelatory new account, national security historian Timothy Naftali relates the full back story of America's attempts to fight terrorism. On September 11, 2001, a long history of failures, missteps, and blind spots in our intelligence services came to a head, with tragic results. At the end of World War II, the OSS's X-2 department had established a seamless system for countering the threats of die-hard Nazi terrorists. But those capabilities were soon forgotten, and it wasn't't until 1968, when Palestinian groups began a series of highly publicized airplane hijackings, that the U.S. began to take counterterrorism seriously. Naftali narrates the game of catch-up that various administrations and the CIA played -- with varying degrees of success -- from the Munich Games hostage-taking to the raft of terrorist incidents in the mid-1980s through the first bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993, and up to 9/11.In riveting detail, Naftali shows why holes in U.S. homeland security discovered by Vice President George H. W. Bush in 1986 were still a problem when his son became President, and why George W. Bush did little to fix them until it was too late. Naftali concludes that open, liberal democracies like the U.S. are incapable of effectively stopping terrorism. For anyone concerned about the future of America's security, this masterful history will be necessary -- and eye-opening -- reading. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Globalization and Terrorism Jamal R. Nassar, 2009-07-16 Courageously stepping into charged terrain, this book casts a clear light on globalization and terrorism for what they are, not what some may wish them to be. Jamal R. Nassar carefully defines these twin concepts, placing them in historical as well as political context. Woven throughout the book is his central theme of the migration of dreams and nightmares. As some are able to take advantage of the opportunities of globalization, leaving others behind, they leave behind a legacy of unrealistic dreams. These unfulfilled hopes of the poor and oppressed often transform themselves into nightmares for the wealthy and powerful. This vicious cycle, the author argues, is often enhanced by globalization and effected by terrorism. Focusing on the key case studies of Palestine and Northern Ireland, Nassar applies their lessons to other examples of conflict including Iraq, Afghanistan, the Congo, Chechnya, and Colombia in order to internationalize our understanding of how globalization and terrorism operate in a range of situations. He also devotes a chapter to Islamist terrorism in a tour de force of incisiveness and balance. This book considers globalization and terrorism not only from the perspective of the major powers, but also introduces the views of those dominated by forces beyond their control. Yet even as the author offers a profound critique of Western hegemony, he conveys respect and hope for an enlightened global interdependence—embracing the power of the dream over the nightmare. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Attacking Terrorism Audrey Kurth Cronin, James M. Ludes, 2004-01-14 The definition and understanding of terrorism is in a state of unprecedented evolution. No longer are acts of terrorism rare and far-flung. Following the horrendous attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, U.S. citizens have had their eyes opened to a new world where this nightmare stalks the daily news and is never far from consciousness. Attacking Terrorism brings together some of the world's finest experts, people who have made the study of this rising menace their life's work, to provide a comprehensive picture of the challenges and opportunities of the campaign against international terrorism. Part one, The Nature of Terrorism, provides an overview and foundation for the current campaign, placing it within the political and historical context of previous threats and responses. Part two, The Responses to Terrorism, looks at the range of policy instruments required in an effective strategy against terrorism. The contributors to this volume bring finely honed analyses and nuanced perspectives to the terrorist realities of the twenty-first century—history, analyses, and perspectives that have been too often oversimplified or myopic. They bring a new depth of understanding and myriad new dimensions to the crisis of terrorism. And they reach into aspects of counterterrorism that broaden our grasp on such important tools as diplomacy, intelligence and counterintelligence, psycho-political means, international law, criminal law enforcement, military force, foreign aid, and homeland security, showing not only how these tools are currently being employed but how often they are being underutilized as well. Attacking Terrorism demonstrates that there are no easy answers—and that the road toward victory will be long and arduous, frightening and dangerous—but as Audrey Kurth Cronin states in her introduction, As the campaign against international terrorism unfolds, a crucial forward-looking process of strategic reassessment is under way in the United States, and this book is intended to be a part of it. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Weapon of Peace Nilay Saiya, 2018-08-23 This book shows that attempts to repress religion produce the very violent religious extremism that states seek to avoid. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism Ami Pedahzur, 2006-09-27 This highly topical new study clearly shows how there are at least two reasons to question the central role that is assigned to religion, in particular Islam, when explaining suicide terrorism. suicide terrorism is a modern phenomenon, yet Islam is a very old religion. Except for two periods in the twelfth and eighteenth centuries, suicide was never part of Islamist beliefs and behaviours. Actually, Islam clearly forbids suicide, hence, the argument that Islamic religious beliefs are the main cause of suicide terrorism is inherently dubious many suicide attacks have been carried out by secular organizations with little connection to fundamentalist Islam: Palestinian Fatah; the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; and the Kurdish Workers Party. Moreover, one of the organizations that has employed this strategy devastatingly and regularly is the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam). Not only are members of this organization not Muslim, most of them are not religious at all. This superb new book contains essays by some of the world's leading scholars of terrorism and political violence. It is essential reading for students of terrorism, political science and Middle Eastern politics, and useful to students of social psychology, theology and history. |
| martha crenshaw the causes of terrorism: Research on Terrorism Andrew Silke, 2004 Bidragydere: Bruce Hoffman; Andrew Silke; John Horgan; Gavin Cameron; Leonard Weinberg; William Eubank; Avishag Gordon; Walter Enders; Todd Sandler; Louise Richardson; Frederick Schulze; Gaetano Joe Ilardi |
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw Comparative
The study of terrorism can be organized around three questions: why ter- rorism occurs, how the process of terrorism works, and what its social and political effects are. Here the objective is to …
Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism - WCBI-TV
Professor Crenshaw had studied terrorism since the late 1960s, well before it was topical, and this selection of her work represents the development of her thought over time in four areas:...
Addressing the Causes of Terrorism - clubmadrid.org
Taken together, the three volumes of the Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism outline the elements of a comprehensive response to the challenge from terrorism. The first …
Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism - rdoforum.gov.ie
21 Feb 2019 · The Consequences of Counterterrorism Martha Crenshaw,2010-02-18 The 9/11 terrorist attacks opened America's eyes to a frightening world of enemies surrounding us. But …
The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century
history to develop comparisons and developmental studies that look not only at the causes of terrorism but at changes in terrorist strategy, the termination of terrorist campaigns, …
Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism - newredlist-es …
Martha Crenshaw, a leading scholar in the field of terrorism studies, has dedicated her career to understanding the complex causes of terrorism. Her work transcends simplistic explanations, …
aN INTeGraTeD aPPrOaCH - United States Institute of Peace
Terrorism manifests in attacks against civilians and against highly symbolic and emotionally resonant targets, such as a mosque, a commuter railway, or a government building. Such …
The Concept of Revolutionary Terrorism - JSTOR
The concept of revolutionary terrorism. MARTHA CRENSHAW HUTCHINSON. Department of Government and Foreign Affairs, University of Virginia. A recent article by Sartori stresses the …
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The Consequences of Counterterrorism Martha Crenshaw,2010-02-18 The 9/11 terrorist attacks opened America's eyes to a frightening world of enemies surrounding us. But have our eyes …
Martha Crenshaw Political Psychology and Terrorism - ISPP
psychological motivations for terrorism (particularly the centrality of group dynamics to processes of radicalization and recruitment). It will also note areas of weakness in general terrorism …
Why Terrorism Does Not Work - JSTOR
For decades, terrorism specialists and political scientists have recognized that groups use terror- ism to achieve policy objectives. See, for example, Martha Crenshaw, "The Causes of Terrorism,"
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"The Causes of Terrorism," Comparative Politics, 13, 4 (July, 1981), 379-99. Excerpted version in International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Control, Charles W.
Causes of Terrorism - Open Scholarship
Factors that Cause Terrorism Extremes in psychology, secular ideology, religion, ethnicity, and nationalism often lead to terrorism. Also, the perceived political grievances of occupation, …
{EBOOK} Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism
14 Mar 2019 · Nacos, a renowned expert in the field, clearly defines and discusses terrorism’s many causes, actors, and strategies as well as anti- and counter-terrorist responses. In …
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Martha Crenshaw: The Causes of Terrorism – Understanding and Addressing a Complex Threat Meta Description: Explore Martha Crenshaw's groundbreaking work on terrorism's root causes. …
'Old' vs. 'New' Terrorism: What's in a Name? - JSTOR
In this paper I take stoke of the debate juxtaposing ideal types of "traditional" and "new" terrorism along the axis of five variables: organizational structure; operational range; motives; tactics; …
The New Terrorism Fanaticism And The Arms Of Mass Destruction
Explaining Terrorism Martha Crenshaw,2011 This volume comprises some of the key essays by Professor Crenshaw, from 1972 to the present-day, on the causes, processes and …
Martha Crenshaw - cap.stanford.edu
Department of Homeland Security, Martha Crenshaw analyzed failed and foiled terrorist plots against the United States and its allies by jihadist groups since 1993. A dataset including …
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1 Terrorism and its Evolvement Martha Crenshaw describes terrorism as a temporal amalgam of efforts to purposefully target civilians. Furthermore, she proposes that cataclysmic events such …
Behind the Curve Audrey Kurth Cronin - JSTOR
the definition, history, causes, and types of terrorism, placing the events of Sep-tember 11, 2001, in their modern context. Second, it briefly describes key trends ... earlier studies on the sources …
Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism
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2 Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism 2024-01-13 become terrorist organizations. The scope of the book includes four terrorist organizations: the Muslim Brotherhood, the ETA, the …
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2 Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism 2023-06-18 invektiven Kommunikation und nehmen auch deren gesellschaftliche Effekte in den Blick: die Abwertung von Autoritäten, die …
Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism - tempsite.gov.ie
Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism Diego Muro,Tim Wilson The Consequences of Counterterrorism Martha Crenshaw,2010-02-18 The 9/11 terrorist attacks opened America's …
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21 Feb 2019 · Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism Ami Pedahzur How Terrorism Ends Audrey Kurth Cronin,2011-08-28 Annotation This work answers questions concerning the …
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and terrorism, security studies and international relations/politics in general--Publisher's description. Explaining Terrorism Martha Crenshaw,2011 The leading global thinker on the …
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Explaining Terrorism Martha Crenshaw 2011 This volume comprises some of the key essays by Professor Crenshaw, from 1972 to the present-day, on the causes, processes and …
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The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
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Reviewing Martha Crenshaw The Causes Of Terrorism: Unlocking the Spellbinding Force of Linguistics In a fast-paced world fueled by information and interconnectivity, the spellbinding …
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Why Terrorism Does Not Work - JSTOR
civilian populations. In the 1980s, Martha Crenshaw observed that "the out-comes of campaigns of terrorism have been largely ignored," as "most analy-ses have emphasized the causes and …
The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
'Old' vs. 'New' Terrorism: What's in a Name? - JSTOR
4 Martha Crenshaw, "The Debate over 'New' vs. 'Old' Terrorism," Ibrahim A. Karawan, et.al. (Eds.), Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism , Springer Science+Business …
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Explaining Terrorism Martha Crenshaw 2011 This volume comprises some of the key essays by Professor Crenshaw, from 1972 to the present-day, on the causes, processes and …
The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
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The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
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Current Perspectives on International Terrorism Robert O. Slater 1988-01-01 Terrorism and Counterterrorism Brigitte L Nacos 2015-07-22 Focusing on the phenomenon of terrorism in the …
The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century
Martha Crenshaw Department of Government Wesleyan University Research on political terrorism, which began in the early 1970s, faces some persistent problems. These involve …
The Concept of Revolutionary Terrorism - JSTOR
The concept of revolutionary terrorism MARTHA CRENSHAW HUTCHINSON Department of Government and Foreign Affairs, University of Virginia ... violence, which (2) causes an …
The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
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The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
The Causes of Terrorism - JSTOR
The Causes of Terrorism Martha Crenshaw* Terrorism occurs both in the context of violent resistance to the state as well as in the service of state interests. If we focus on terrorism …
September, 2018 MARTHA CRENSHAW Center for ... - Stanford …
MARTHA CRENSHAW Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University ... Explaining Terrorism: Causes, …
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Martha Crenshaw Political Psychology and Terrorism - ISPP
Martha Crenshaw, “Explaining Suicide Terrorism: A Review Essay,” Security Studies 6, 1 (Spring 2007), pp. 133–62. Martha Crenshaw, "Decisions to Use Terrorism: Psychological Constraints …
