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| history of gender pay gap in sports: Gender Inequality in Sports Kirstin Cronn-Mills, 2022-04-05 “We trained just as hard and we have just as much love for our sport. We deserve to play just as much as any other athlete. . . . I am sick and tired of being treated like I am second rate. I plan on standing up for what is right and fighting for equality.” —Sage Ohlensehlen, Women’s Swim Team Captain at the University of Iowa Fifty years ago, US president Richard Nixon signed Title IX into law, making it illegal for federally funded education programs to discriminate based on sex. The law set into motion a massive boom in girls and women’s sports teams, from kindergarten to the collegiate level. Professional women’s sports grew in turn. Title IX became a massive touchstone in the fight for gender equality. So why do girls and women—including trans and intersex women—continue to face sexist attitudes and unfair rules and regulations in sports? The truth is that the road to equality in sports has been anything but straightforward, and there is still a long way to go. Schools, universities, and professional organizations continue to struggle with addressing unequal pay, discrimination, and sexism in their sports programming. Delve into the history and impact of Title IX, learn more about the athletes at the forefront of the struggle, and explore how additional changes could lead to equality in sports. “Girls are socialized to know . . . that gender roles are already set. Men run the world. Men have the power. Men make the decisions. . . . When these girls are coming out, who are they looking up to telling them that’s not the way it has to be? And where better to do that than in sports?” —Muffet McGraw, Head Women’s Basketball Coach at Notre Dame “Fighting for equal rights and equal opportunities entails risk. It demands you put yourself in harm’s way by calling out injustice when it occurs. Sometimes it’s big things, like a boss making overtly sexist remarks or asserting they won’t hire women. But far more often, it’s little, seemingly innocuous, things . . . that sideline the women whose work you depend on every day. You can use your privilege to help those who don’t have it. It’s really as simple as that.” —Liz Elting, women’s rights advocate |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Stand Up and Shout Out Joan Steidinger, 2020-03-11 Today, women have greater opportunities to participate in sport than ever before, particularly due to the passage of Title IX in 1972. Yet, despite all this growth, women still struggle to hold leadership positions, become coaches of both girls and boys teams, receive equal pay, and get even adequate coverage in the media. In Stand Up and Shout Out: Women's Fight for Equality in Sports, Joan Steidinger explores the three crucial areas in sport that remain huge concerns for women: leadership, money, and media. Steidinger looks at the number of ways in which women experience vast inequalities by examining topics such as the politics of sport, sexual assault, the #MeToo movement, pay equity, women in coaching positions, and the experiences of women of color and LGBTQ athletes. Interviews with leading authorities in the field and prominent female athletes are interwoven throughout to add both expert and personal perspectives to the conversation. Stand Up and Shout Out does more than justinform readers about these important issues; its purpose is to create enlightened discussions around the unequal treatment of women and present readers with “action steps” so we can all become active contributors toward improving this situation. This is an ideal time to fight for women’s equality in sport, as it draws attention to the growing need for advocacy for girls and women around the world in all areas of life. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Lean In Sheryl Sandberg, 2013-03-11 #1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER • “A landmark manifesto (The New York Times) that's a revelatory, inspiring call to action and a blueprint for individual growth that will empower women around the world to achieve their full potential. In her famed TED talk, Sheryl Sandberg described how women unintentionally hold themselves back in their careers. Her talk, which has been viewed more than eleven million times, encouraged women to “sit at the table,” seek challenges, take risks, and pursue their goals with gusto. Lean In continues that conversation, combining personal anecdotes, hard data, and compelling research to change the conversation from what women can’t do to what they can. Sandberg, COO of Meta (previously called Facebook) from 2008-2022, provides practical advice on negotiation techniques, mentorship, and building a satisfying career. She describes specific steps women can take to combine professional achievement with personal fulfillment, and demonstrates how men can benefit by supporting women both in the workplace and at home. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: (Un)equal Pay Ceta Ramkhalawansingh, 1979 |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Declining Significance of Gender? Francine D. Blau, Mary C Brinton, David B. Grusky, 2006-05-11 The last half-century has witnessed substantial change in the opportunities and rewards available to men and women in the workplace. While the gender pay gap narrowed and female labor force participation rose dramatically in recent decades, some dimensions of gender inequality—most notably the division of labor in the family—have been more resistant to change, or have changed more slowly in recent years than in the past. These trends suggest that one of two possible futures could lie ahead: an optimistic scenario in which gender inequalities continue to erode, or a pessimistic scenario where contemporary institutional arrangements persevere and the gender revolution stalls. In The Declining Significance of Gender?, editors Francine Blau, Mary Brinton, and David Grusky bring together top gender scholars in sociology and economics to make sense of the recent changes in gender inequality, and to judge whether the optimistic or pessimistic view better depicts the prospects and bottlenecks that lie ahead. It examines the economic, organizational, political, and cultural forces that have changed the status of women and men in the labor market. The contributors examine the economic assumption that discrimination in hiring is economically inefficient and will be weeded out eventually by market competition. They explore the effect that family-family organizational policies have had in drawing women into the workplace and giving them even footing in the organizational hierarchy. Several chapters ask whether political interventions might reduce or increase gender inequality, and others discuss whether a social ethos favoring egalitarianism is working to overcome generations of discriminatory treatment against women. Although there is much rhetoric about the future of gender inequality, The Declining Significance of Gender? provides a sustained attempt to consider analytically the forces that are shaping the gender revolution. Its wide-ranging analysis of contemporary gender disparities will stimulate readers to think more deeply and in new ways about the extent to which gender remains a major fault line of inequality. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys, Saul D. Hoffman, 2018-05-15 The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Degrees of Equality Helen Russell, Emer Smyth, Philip J. O'Connell, 2005 Examines the distribution of pay differentials and other rewards among recent male and female graduates. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Why Men Earn More Warren Farrell, 2005 Documents the little-discussed truth about the differences between the choices men and women make with regard to work and how these differences yield different results in earned income. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: LGBTQ+ Athletes Claim the Field Kirstin Cronn-Mills, Alex Jackson Nelson, 2017 In 2015, the world watched as soccer star Abby Wambach kissed her wife after the US women's World Cup victory. Milwaukee Brewers' minor league first baseman David Denson came out as gay. And Caitlyn (born Bruce) Jenner, an Olympic decathlete, came out as transgender. It hasn't always been this way. Many great athletes have stayed in the closet their whole lives, or at least until retirement. Social attitudes, institutional policies, and laws are slow to change, but they are catching up. Together, athletes, families, educators, allies, and fans are pushing for competitive equity so that every athlete, regardless of identity, can have the opportunity to play at their very best. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Critical Storytelling in Millennial Times , 2019-02-11 Critical stories are more than just anecdotes or tales. They are narratives that raconter, or recount, the author’s own experiences, situating them in broader cultural contexts. Just as the autoethnographer situates the self in relation to the “others” of which the self is both a part and from which it is distinct, the critical storyteller situates his or her story of conflict in relation to the broader reality from which the conflict arises. The key is the reality that is being related and the perspective from which it is being shared. In Critical Storytelling in Millennial Times, marginalized, excluded, and oppressed people share insights from their liminality and help readers learn from their perspectives and experiences. Examples of stories in this volume range from undergraduate perspectives on financial aid for college students, to narratives on first-hand police brutality, to heartbreaking tales about addiction, bullying, and the child sex trade in Cambodia. Undergraduate authors relate their stories and pose important questions to the reader about inciting change for the future. Follow along in their journeys and learn what you can do to make a change in your own reality. Contributors are: Ben Brawner, Dwight Brown, Bryce Cherry, Kaytlin Jacoby, Jimmy Kruse, Dean Larrick, Bric Martin, Kara Niles, Claire Parrish, Grace Piper, Claire Prendergast, Alexsenia Ralat, Alec Reyes, Stephanie Simon, S. H. Suits, Katy Swift, Morgan Vogels, and Brittany Walsh. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Understanding the Gender Gap Claudia Dale Goldin, 1990 Women have entered the labor market in unprecedented numbers. Yet these critically needed workers still earn less than men and have fewer opportunities for advancement. This study traces the evolution of the female labor force in America, addressing the issue of gender distinction in the workplace and refuting the notion that women's employment advances were a response to social revolution rather than long-run economic progress. Employing innovative quantitative history methods and new data series on employment, earnings, work experience, discrimination, and hours of work, this study establishes that the present economic status of women evolved gradually over the last two centuries and that past conceptions of women workers persist. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Gender Pay Gap The New York Times Editorial Staff, 2018-12-15 Despite increasing awareness, the gender pay gap has yet to close. In 2018, women still earned about eighty cents for every dollar men did, and that number changes when factoring in a woman's education level, profession, and ethnicity. These articles explore the discussion surrounding the gender pay gap, and highlight how our understanding of it has evolved in the past decade. Beginning with Obama's signing of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act in his first weeks as president and leading to some of the complicated economics of paid family leave, these articles explore the factors that create a gender pay gap and point to possible solutions. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Women in Sports Rachel Ignotofsky, 2021-06-22 New York Times bestseller Rachel Ignotofsky's Women in Sports comes to the youngest readers in board format! Highlighting the pioneering efforts of women athletes, this board book edition of the original bestseller features simpler text and Rachel Ignotofsky's signature beautiful illustrations reimagined for younger readers to introduce the perfect role models for inspiring a love of sports. The collection includes diverse women across various sports, time periods, and geographic location. The perfect gift for every future athlete! |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Women, Media and Sport Pamela J. Creedon, 1994-02-14 The book [is] . . . well researched. Chapters by contributing authors enhance the breadth of the content both from a cultural and media perspective. Individuals interested in the history of women′s sports and particularly in gender issues as related to varying media will find this volume informative. . . . Upper-division undergraduate through professional. --Choice Chapters by different authors make a splendid reference work on the history of women in sports, women′s sports magazines, examples of discrimination against women in sports and women sports reporters, and, of course, the proverbial locker-room access controversies are reviewed here. --Editor & Publisher Pamela Creedon has hit a homerun that challenges assumptions about the relationship between women, media, and sports. This impressive collection of research helps redefine a playing field that until now had overwhelmingly male boundaries. This is a fabulous book! --Susan Henry, California State University, Northridge Women, Media, and Sport is a path-breaking book in mass media research. Not only does it provide a well-researched history of the women who report sports news and the media images of women in sports, but it also skillfully applies critical feminist theories to examine the context of these media messages and effects. It opens new research subjects and models for integrating media effects and cultural/critical studies research. --Marion T. Marzolf, The University of Michigan This is a fascinating book that uses as its starting point a definition of sport as a cultural institution, rather than concentrating on the activities and games that make up the sports component. The book examines important ′sport′ metaphors and symbols, placing women and the media on a contextual playing field. I was struck by the fact that all the chapters are written by women who are asking myriad questions about journalistic norms, about media values, and about news conventions in the world of sport. These questions have not been asked by mainstream male journalists or writers covering sports. This distinctive point of view makes Women, Media, and Sport a valuable addition to any women′s studies, media studies, or cultural studies book list. This is a very thorough and comprehensive text, covering history, economics, marketing, and cultural paradigms for studying or critiquing women′s sport. Best of all, it offers a new model for women′s sport that is both provocative and practical. This book will not change any opinions about favorite football teams or sports announcers, but it does ask to examine attitudes toward women, the media, and the sport universe. --Sammye Johnson, Trinity University The first book to link feminist, sport, and media theory together, Women, Media, and Sport provides a broad cultural studies approach, which also touches on race and class relations in sport. In addition to the theoretical analyses, this volume provides a practical look at models of sport, media effects, and the construction of the sportswomen and women′s sport. Designed as a text to fill the gap in this area, the book is organized into three sections. The first provides an overview of women, sport, and the media and an example of the ways they intertwine. The extensive range of articles in the second section focuses on print and broadcast media′s portrayal of women′s sports and its journalistic process and examines such issues as the relationship between sports promotion and media′s representations of women′s sport and how sport reporting is taught to future journalists. The final section seeks to develop a new model for the future. A thorough and original text, Women, Media, and Sport is essential for scholars, students, and professionals in media and mass communication studies, sociology, women′s studies, cultural studies, popular culture, ethnic studies, and gender studies. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Gender Wage Gap Melissa Higgins, Michael Regan, 2016-12-15 The Gender Wage Gap covers the history of women's wages, the differences between men's and women's wages that still exist, and today's efforts to close the gap. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Essential Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Coming on Strong Susan K. Cahn, 1995 Drawing on historical records and contemporary interviews, Cahn chronicles the remarkable transformation made by women's sports in the the 20th century, revealing the struggles faced by women to overcome social constraints and behavior codes, and how sport has changes their lives. Photos. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: #MakeoverMonday Andy Kriebel, Eva Murray, 2018-10-02 Explore different perspectives and approaches to create more effective visualizations #MakeoverMonday offers inspiration and a giant dose of perspective for those who communicate data. Originally a small project in the data visualization community, #MakeoverMonday features a weekly chart or graph and a dataset that community members reimagine in order to make it more effective. The results have been astounding; hundreds of people have contributed thousands of makeovers, perfectly illustrating the highly variable nature of data visualization. Different takes on the same data showed a wide variation of theme, focus, content, and design, with side-by-side comparisons throwing more- and less-effective techniques into sharp relief. This book is an extension of that project, featuring a variety of makeovers that showcase various approaches to data communication and a focus on the analytical, design and storytelling skills that have been developed through #MakeoverMonday. Paging through the makeovers ignites immediate inspiration for your own work, provides insight into different perspectives, and highlights the techniques that truly make an impact. Explore the many approaches to visual data communication Think beyond the data and consider audience, stakeholders, and message Design your graphs to be intuitive and more communicative Assess the impact of layout, color, font, chart type, and other design choices Creating visual representation of complex datasets is tricky. There’s the mandate to include all relevant data in a clean, readable format that best illustrates what the data is saying—but there is also the designer’s impetus to showcase a command of the complexity and create multidimensional visualizations that “look cool.” #MakeoverMonday shows you the many ways to walk the line between simple reporting and design artistry to create exactly the visualization the situation requires. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and Governance Philippa Velija, Lucy Piggott, 2022-01-27 Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and Governance goes beyond the headlines to provide critical and timely analyses of current strategy, policy, structure, and practice relating to gender equity in the leadership and governance of sport in the UK. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: On Gender, Labor, and Inequality Ruth Milkman, 2016-07-15 Ruth Milkman's groundbreaking research in women's labor history has contributed important perspectives on work and unionism in the United States. On Gender, Labor, and Inequality presents four decades of Milkman's essential writings, tracing the parallel evolutions of her ideas and the field she helped define. Milkman's introduction frames a career-spanning scholarly project: her interrogation of historical and contemporary intersections of class and gender inequalities in the workplace, and the efforts to challenge those inequalities. Early chapters focus on her pioneering work on women's labor during the Great Depression and the World War II years. In the book's second half, Milkman turns to the past fifty years, a period that saw a dramatic decline in gender inequality even as growing class imbalances created greater-than-ever class disparity among women. She concludes with a previously unpublished essay comparing the impact of the Great Depression and the Great Recession on women workers. A first-of-its-kind collection, On Gender, Labor, and Inequality is an indispensable text by one of the world's top scholars of gender, equality, and work. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Fugitive Pedagogy Jarvis R. Givens, 2021-04-13 A fresh portrayal of one of the architects of the African American intellectual tradition, whose faith in the subversive power of education will inspire teachers and learners today. Black education was a subversive act from its inception. African Americans pursued education through clandestine means, often in defiance of law and custom, even under threat of violence. They developed what Jarvis Givens calls a tradition of “fugitive pedagogy”—a theory and practice of Black education in America. The enslaved learned to read in spite of widespread prohibitions; newly emancipated people braved the dangers of integrating all-White schools and the hardships of building Black schools. Teachers developed covert instructional strategies, creative responses to the persistence of White opposition. From slavery through the Jim Crow era, Black people passed down this educational heritage. There is perhaps no better exemplar of this heritage than Carter G. Woodson—groundbreaking historian, founder of Black History Month, and legendary educator under Jim Crow. Givens shows that Woodson succeeded because of the world of Black teachers to which he belonged: Woodson’s first teachers were his formerly enslaved uncles; he himself taught for nearly thirty years; and he spent his life partnering with educators to transform the lives of Black students. Fugitive Pedagogy chronicles Woodson’s efforts to fight against the “mis-education of the Negro” by helping teachers and students to see themselves and their mission as set apart from an anti-Black world. Teachers, students, families, and communities worked together, using Woodson’s materials and methods as they fought for power in schools and continued the work of fugitive pedagogy. Forged in slavery, embodied by Woodson, this tradition of escape remains essential for teachers and students today. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Margo Mountjoy, 2014-10-06 This new International Olympic Committee (IOC) handbook covers the science, medicine and psycho-social aspects of females in sports at all levels of competition. Each chapter focuses on the specific issues that female athletes confront both on and off the field, such as bone health, nutritional recommendations, exercise/competition during menstruation and pregnancy, and much more. Fully endorsed by the IOC and drawing upon the experience of an international team of expert contributors, no other publication deals with the topic in such a concise and complete manner. The Female Athlete is recommended for all health care providers for women and girl athletes internationally for all sports and all levels of competition. It is a valuable resource for medical doctors, physical and occupational therapists, nutritionists, and sports scientists as well as coaches, personal trainers and athletes. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Sex Testing Lindsay Pieper, 2016-05-30 In 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) implemented sex testing for female athletes at that year's Games. When it became clear that testing regimes failed to delineate a sex divide, the IOC began to test for gender--a shift that allowed the organization to control the very idea of womanhood. Ranging from Cold War tensions to gender anxiety to controversies around doping, Lindsay Parks Pieper explores sex testing in sport from the 1930s to the early 2000s. Pieper examines how the IOC in particular insisted on a misguided binary notion of gender that privileged Western norms. Testing evolved into a tool to identify--and eliminate--athletes the IOC deemed too strong, too fast, or too successful. Pieper shows how this system punished gifted women while hindering the development of women's athletics for decades. She also reveals how the flawed notions behind testing--ideas often sexist, racist, or ridiculous--degraded the very idea of female athleticism. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Women in Sport Barbara L. Drinkwater, 2008-04-15 The participation of women in sports, whether it be professional or amateur, has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. The anatomy and physiology of the female athlete is unique and it is these aspects which are covered in this new volume in the Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine. Women in Sport provides and invaluable reference for those who deal with sportswomen of all abilities, both on a clinical and research level. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Sport Policy in Canada Lucie Thibault, Jean Harvey, 2013-12-17 Research Centre for Sport in Canadian Society, University of Ottawa. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Social Justice and Putting Theory Into Practice in Schools and Communities Susan Trostle Brand, Lori E. Ciccomascolo, 2019-09 This book highlights and proposes historical, personal, and action-oriented solutions for five key areas of social inequity in education: race, class, LGBTQ, women's rights, and ability-- |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: 12 Rules for Life Jordan B. Peterson, 2018-01-23 OVER TEN MILLION COPIES SOLD #1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER What are the most valuable things that everyone should know? Acclaimed clinical psychologist Jordan B Peterson has influenced the modern understanding of personality, and now he has become one of the world's most popular public thinkers, with his lectures on topics from the Bible to romantic relationships to mythology drawing tens of millions of viewers. In an era of unprecedented change and polarizing politics, his frank and refreshing message about the value of individual responsibility and ancient wisdom has resonated around the world. In this book, he provides twelve profound and practical principles for how to live a meaningful life, from setting your house in order before criticising others to comparing yourself to who you were yesterday, not someone else today. Happiness is a pointless goal, he shows us. Instead we must search for meaning, not for its own sake, but as a defence against the suffering that is intrinsic to our existence. Drawing on vivid examples from the author's clinical practice and personal life, cutting-edge psychology and philosophy, and lessons from humanity's oldest myths and stories, 12 Rules for Life offers a deeply rewarding antidote to the chaos in our lives: eternal truths applied to our modern problems. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Work in America [2 volumes] Carl E. Van Horn, Herbert A. Schaffner, 2003-12-15 The first comprehensive analysis of work and the workforce in the United States, from the Industrial Revolution to the era of globalization. This comprehensive two-volume reference book is the first to analyze the central role of work and the workforce in U.S. life from the Industrial Revolution through today's information economy. Drawing on a variety of disciplines—economics, public policy, law, human and civil rights, cultural studies, and organizational psychology—its 256 entries examine key events, concepts, institutions, and individuals in labor history. Entries also tackle tough contemporary questions that reflect the conflicts inherent in capitalism. What is the impact of work on families and communities? On minority and immigrant populations? How shall we respond to changing work roles and the growing influence of the transnational corporation? Work in America describes and evaluates attempts to address social and class issues—affirmative action, occupational health and safety, corporate management science, and trade unionism and organized labor—and offers the kind of comprehensive understanding needed to discover workable solutions. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Last Duel Eric Jager, 2005-09-13 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “A taut page-turner with all the hallmarks of a good historical thriller.”—Orlando Sentinel The basis for the major motion picture starring Matt Damon, Jodie Comer, and Adam Driver, now streaming on Hulu! The gripping true story of the duel to end all duels in medieval France as a resolute knight defends his wife’s honor against the man she accuses of a heinous crime In the midst of the devastating Hundred Years’ War between France and England, Jean de Carrouges, a Norman knight fresh from combat in Scotland, returns home to yet another deadly threat. His wife, Marguerite, has accused squire Jacques Le Gris of rape. A deadlocked court decrees a trial by combat between the two men that will also leave Marguerite’s fate in the balance. For if her husband loses the duel, she will be put to death as a false accuser. While enemy troops pillage the land, and rebellion and plague threaten the lives of all, Carrouges and Le Gris meet in full armor on a walled field in Paris. What follows is the final duel ever authorized by the Parlement of Paris, a fierce fight with lance, sword, and dagger before a massive crowd that includes the teenage King Charles VI, during which both combatants are wounded—but only one fatally. Based on extensive research in Normandy and Paris, The Last Duel brings to life a colorful, turbulent age and three unforgettable characters caught in a fatal triangle of crime, scandal, and revenge. The Last Duel is at once a moving human drama, a captivating true crime story, and an engrossing work of historical intrigue with themes that echo powerfully centuries later. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Handbook on the Economics of Women in Sports Michael Leeds, Eva Marikova Leeds, 2013-01-01 'In the Handbook on the Economics of Women in Sports, Leeds and Leeds put together an impressive list of heavy hitters in the sociology and economics literature on sports to produce a tour de force volume. The entire spectrum of international perspectives is covered, from US, Korean, and Australian sports to world competition at the highest level of the Olympics and international championships. Whether your interest is attendance at women's events, performance and rewards in women's pro sports, gender issues in US college sports, or international performance and how women compete, this handbook is a must read for any serious fan, and for all serious scholars interested in the impacts of being female on sports performance and competitiveness.' Rodney Fort, University of Michigan, US 'Leeds and Leeds have filled a gaping hole in sports economics with this revealing collection of essays. The economics of women in sports has been too long neglected. By covering everything from women as sports spectators, to women as participants in individual and team sports at the collegiate and professional levels, to women's sports internationally, Title IX, and women's differential response to incentives, this volume not only demonstrates that there is much fertile ground to be studied, but also that the subject matter is both interesting and important.' Andrew Zimbalist, Smith College, US Women's sports have received much less attention from economists than from other social scientists. This Handbook fills that gap with a comprehensive economic analysis of women's sports. It also analyzes how the behavior and treatment of female athletes reflect broad economic forces. Contributors to this volume use current theoretical models and econometric tools to examine the legal, social, and economic forces that affect the experiences of female athletes. They address such traditional topics as discrimination against female athletes and coaches and the effect of athletic events on the economies of host countries. They also apply theory and estimation to new settings, such as how women respond to tournaments in skiing and figure skating or how the growing dominance of Korean women on the LPGA tour is a form of immigration. This groundbreaking book is a valuable resource for professors, students, and researchers in sports economics, sports management, and women's studies. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: One Life Megan Rapinoe, Emma Brockes, 2020-11-10 An instant New York Times bestseller! “Rapinoe's 'signature pose' from the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup is synonymous to the feeling we got when finishing this book: heart full, arms wide and ready to take up space in this world.”—USA Today Megan Rapinoe, Olympic gold medalist and two-time Women's World Cup champion, reveals for the first time her life both on and off the field. Guided by her personal journey into social justice, brimming with humor, humanity, and joy, she urges all of us to ask ourselves, What will you do with your one life? Only four years old when she kicked her first soccer ball, Megan Rapinoe developed a love – and clear talent – for the game at a young age. But it was her parents who taught her that winning was much less important than how she lived her life. From childhood on, Rapinoe always did what she could to stand up for what was right—even if it meant going up against people who disagreed. In One Life, Megan Rapinoe invites readers on a remarkable journey, looking back on both her victories and her failures, and pulls back the curtain on events we know only from the headlines. After the 2011 World Cup, discouraged by how few athletes were open about their sexuality, Rapinoe decided to come out publicly as gay and use her platform to advocate for marriage equality. Recognizing the power she had to bring attention to critical issues, in 2016 she took a knee during the national anthem in solidarity with former NFL player Colin Kaepernick to protest racial injustice and police brutality—the first high-profile white athlete to do so. The backlash was immediate, but it couldn’t compare to the overwhelming support. Rapinoe became a force of change. Here for the first time, Rapinoe reflects upon some of the most pivotal moments in her life and career – from her realization in college that she was gay, through the disputes with soccer coaches and officials over her decision to kneel, to the first time she met her now-fiancé WNBA champion Sue Bird, and up through suing the US Soccer Federation over gender discrimination and equal pay. Throughout, Rapinoe makes clear the obligation we all have to speak up, and the impact each of us can have on our communities. Deeply personal and inspiring, One Life reveals that real, concrete change lies within all of us, and asks: If we all have the same resource—this one precious life, made up of the decisions we make every day—what are you going to do? One Life makes it clear that Rapinoe’s greatest accomplishments may ultimately come away from the soccer pitch. She’s a new kind of American hero.—San Francisco Chronicle |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Women in Sports Coaching Nicole M. LaVoi, 2016-03-02 Women in many Westernized countries encounter a wider variety of career opportunities than afforded in previous decades, and the percentage of women leaders in nearly every sector is on the rise. Sport coaching, however, remains a domain where gender equity has declined or stalled, despite increasing female sport participation. The percentage of women who coach women are in the minority in most sports, and there is a near absence of women coaching men. This important new book examines why. Drawing on original multi-disciplinary research from across the globe, including first-hand accounts from practicing coaches, the book illuminates and examines the status of women in coaching, explores the complex issues they face in pursuing their careers, and suggests solutions for eliminating the barriers that impede women in coaching. Developing an innovative model of intersectionality and power constructs through which to guide research, the book covers issues including sexual identity, race, motherhood, cross-gender coaching and media coverage to give voice to women coaches from around the world. As such, Women in Sports Coaching is essential reading for serious students and scholars of sports coaching, sport sociology or anyone with an interest in gender and sport. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Hidden Rules of Race Andrea Flynn, Susan R. Holmberg, Dorian T. Warren, Felicia J. Wong, 2017-09-08 This book explores the racial rules that are often hidden but perpetuate vast racial inequities in the United States. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Athena Factor , 2008 |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Sport and Discrimination in Europe William Gasparini, 2010 This work presents the main contributions and considerations of young European research workers and journalists on the question of discrimination in sport. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to the social sciences, The authors show how the media and those working in media can act as a relay, through their coverage of sports, For initiatives on the fight against discrimination. They also illustrate in detail not only the reality of discrimination in sport and the controversy surrounding this issue in the member states of the Council of Europe, but also the strength of research incipient in this field. The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (EPAS) hopes to contribute in this way to the development of European research on education through sport involving researchers from different countries in order to better understand the phenomenon of discrimination. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Negotiating at Work Deborah M. Kolb, Jessica L. Porter, 2015-01-27 Understand the context of negotiations to achieve better results Negotiation has always been at the heart of solving problems at work. Yet today, when people in organizations are asked to do more with less, be responsive 24/7, and manage in rapidly changing environments, negotiation is more essential than ever. What has been missed in much of the literature of the past 30 years is that negotiations in organizations always take place within a context—of organizational culture, of prior negotiations, of power relationships—that dictates which issues are negotiable and by whom. When we negotiate for new opportunities or increased flexibility, we never do it in a vacuum. We challenge the status quo and we build out the path for others to negotiate those issues after us. In this way, negotiating for ourselves at work can create small wins that can grow into something bigger, for ourselves and our organizations. Seen in this way, negotiation becomes a tool for addressing ineffective practices and outdated assumptions, and for creating change. Negotiating at Work offers practical advice for managing your own workplace negotiations: how to get opportunities, promotions, flexibility, buy-in, support, and credit for your work. It does so within the context of organizational dynamics, recognizing that to negotiate with someone who has more power adds a level of complexity. The is true when we negotiate with our superiors, and also true for individuals currently under represented in senior leadership roles, whose managers may not recognize certain issues as barriers or obstacles. Negotiating at Work is rooted in real-life cases of professionals from a wide range of industries and organizations, both national and international. Strategies to get the other person to the table and engage in creative problem solving, even when they are reluctant to do so Tips on how to recognize opportunities to negotiate, bolster your confidence prior to the negotiation, turn 'asks' into a negotiation, and advance negotiations that get stuck A rich examination of research on negotiation, conflict management, and gender By using these strategies, you can negotiate successfully for your job and your career; in a larger field, you can also alter organizational practices and policies that impact others. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: They're Chasing Us Away from Sport , 2020-12-04 |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Gender Differences in Public Opinion Mary-Kate Lizotte, 2020-03-06 In this era in which more women are running for public office—and when there is increased activism among women—understanding gender differences on political issues has become critical. In her cogent study, Mary-Kate Lizotte argues that assessing the gender gap in public support for policies through a values lens provides insight into American politics today. There is ample evidence that men and women differ in their value endorsements—even when taking into account factors such as education, class, race, income, and party identification. In Gender Differences in Public Opinion, Lizotte utilizes nationally representative data, mainly from the American National Election Study, to study these gender gaps, the explanatory power of values, and the political consequences of these differences. She examines the gender differences in several policy areas such as equal rights, gun control, the death penalty, and the environment, as well as social welfare issues. The result is an insightful and revealing study of how men and women vary in their policy positions and political attitudes. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Sport Media Vectors: Gender and Diversity, Reconstructing the Field Laurel Michele Walzak, Danica Vidotto, Francesco Collura, 2021-11-12 In this book, Walzak, Collura and Vidotto bring together an invited collection of writing from emerging scholars about sports, sports media and equity. We are excited about this work as authors span from undergraduates and Masters students to doctoral candidates from Canada and Ireland. All of us are passionate and excited about the possibilities for equity and radical change that needs to happen across the sports and sports media landscape to make sports truly equitable. This collection reflects the author's personal investments and interest in sports. Chapter themes include racialized sports women, media inequities in women's sports including basketball, soccer and swimming, and personal narratives of disability in sport. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: The Economics of Gender Joyce P. Jacobsen, 1998 Economic agents can be male or female; they interact in families and households as well as in firms and markets. Yet it is only recently that economists have begun to take the implications of these facts into account in their theory, research, and policy analysis. Informed debate in economics, in other academic fields in which gender is of concern, and in society at large depends on an understanding of the economic issues underlying such questions as why do women earn less than men and why, throughout the world, have men and women tended to work in separate spheres? The Economics of Gender, Second Edition offers a comprehensive, balanced, and up-to-date introduction to the new work on the differences between women's and men's economic opportunities, activities, and rewards. Although Jacobsen's primary focus is on contemporary US patterns, she devotes four chapters to cross-societal comparisons. She also takes a close look at the evolution of contemporary patterns over time and the impact on them of race, ethnicity, and class. Throughout, she discusses the pros and cons of various policies, including comparable worth and welfare programs. Many real-life examples and anecdotes enliven the text. Appendices provide additional help for readers who have not had a course in economics and further detail for the economically sophisticated. Clear, readable, and provocative, the Second Edition of The Economics of Gender will continue to be welcomed as a primary text for the growing number of courses on gender economics. It remains a valuable supplement to courses in labor economics, economic policy, and women's studies. Finally, academics and policymakers in a wide range of fields will appreciate the book as a crucial reference. |
| history of gender pay gap in sports: Equal Carrie Gracie, 2019-09-05 Equal is BBC journalist Carrie Gracie's urgent call to arms - a powerful story about how women can fight for equal pay, and how men and employers can help them. Longlisted for the Financial Times Business Book of the Year Award 2019. Gracie joined a group of high-profile BBC women who challenged the national broadcaster over equal pay after enforced disclosures revealed huge gaps between top men and women. Gracie had insisted on equal pay at the time of her China posting, and after trying with other BBC women to put things right through negotiation, she eventually resigned her post complaining publicly of a 'secretive and illegal' pay culture. Her protest triggered a parliamentary inquiry into BBC pay, and after a protracted internal complaints process, she won an apology from the BBC and a settlement which she donated to the Fawcett Society. In Equal Gracie will tell her own story, explore why it is often so hard for women to assert their value in the workplace and give practical guidance on what women, men and employers can do to achieve equality for this and future generations of women. |
The Gender Wage Gap in Sports: Explaining the Pay Gap in Sports
dive into what causes the gender wage gap in sports and how we can explain the gap in sports. I will look at professional sports, specifically the NBA and WNBA to help explain the gap.
GPG Report 2023 final - UK Sports Institute
Analysis of our recruitment data shows that 56% of new hires were woman and 44% were men in this reporting year. Last year we highlighted the additional factor of the gender pay gap in part …
ENGLISH INSTITUTE OF SPORT (EIS) GENDER PAY GAP REPORT
The gender pay gap looks at the average hourly pay of all male and female employees. On 31 March 2021 the mean gender pay gap was 18.7%, with the median gender pay at 16.7%. The
Pathway to Pay Equality - Champions Of Change Coalition
This paper starts by setting out the reason why addressing the gender pay gap in elite sport is important. It explains the reasons for a quick move to pay equity and a framework to achieve it.
Gender Pay Inequality in Professional Sports: How Policy Shapes A ...
Is it possible for male and female professional athletes to receive equal compensation? A look at how gender pay inequality persists in the policies that govern three professional sports and …
CHNO: 012 Book Title: Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and ...
In this chapter I draw on. which gender pay gap reporting may be used as a power resource to challenge ongoing inequalities in sport governance. marginalised groups. This chapter …
Inequality in Sports: Outlining the Disparities Between Men and
What specific cases of gender inequality exist in the sports world? From Billie King's Tennis Open to the WNBA, female athletes have wanted to earn equality with their male counterparts.
Equity in Sport: Public Perception of Equal Pay for Women and …
17 Jun 2020 · Specific to pay equity, we asked: how do people’s age, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, political affiliation, and/or personal engagement in sports relate to their perspectives on gender …
AT A GLANCE GENDER EQUALITY IN SPORT - European Parliament
EPRS Gender equality in sport coaches across the globe are a statistical minority in nearly all sports, at all performance levels. In Europe, only 31 % of all sports coaches were women in …
Chasing Equity - Women's Sports Foundation
Taking stock of where we are in achieving gender equity in sport requires study, transparency and candor. This groundbreaking report brings together the latest facts and
Gender Pay Gap Report Final V2 - UK Sports Institute
Last year, the EIS reported a mean gender pay gap of 14.9% and a median gender pay gap of 14.5% at 31 March 2019. As at 31 March 2020, the mean gender pay gap had increased to …
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL PLAY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE GENDER …
When comparing the salaries of men and women competing in the same sport, the difference is substantial. Where men are earning millions of dollars, women are struggling to make a living. …
Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and Governance - Emerald …
Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender promotes research on two important and related areas within sport studies: women and gender. The concept of gender is included in the series title in …
Gender equality in sport: Getting closer every day - European …
Even though the gender pay gap in sport has been narrowing over the years, it still very much exists. A total of 83 % of sports now award men and women equal prize money, with cricket, …
Time's Up: Addressing Gender-Based Wage Discrimination in …
Gender-based wage discrimination in professional sports is wide-spread. Female athletes, competing individually or as part of a team, are consistently paid substantially less than their …
Social Impacts of Gender on Sports: Gender Inequality in …
Social Impacts of Gender on Sports: Gender Inequality in Professional Sports Women in professional sports do not receive equivalent treatment to men in the same careers. In an …
Pathway to gender equality in sport including pay equality
gender equality and pay equality goals. At the same time, pay inequality for elite athletes remains the sharp end of generations of underinvestment in women and girls in sport. In this report, we …
Teaching about Female Sports Icons and Gender Equity - Social …
• Evaluate gender disparities in sports • Research and identify evidence from multiple sources on the challenges faced by a female sports icon • Write a newspaper article detailing the triumphs …
Same Work but Different Pay: Gender Inequality in the …
When looking at professional sports, one can see the lack of attention women’s sports receive. The first women's professional sports league was formed in 1978, and al-though significant …
Towards More Gender Equality in Sport - Europa
Participation: women are less likely than men to take part in sport. Create gender equality action plans highlighting the wider benefits of sport. Set up mechanisms to encourage the practice of …
The Gender Wage Gap in Sports: Explaining the Pay Gap in Sports
dive into what causes the gender wage gap in sports and how we can explain the gap in sports. I will look at professional sports, specifically the NBA and WNBA to help explain the gap.
GPG Report 2023 final - UK Sports Institute
Analysis of our recruitment data shows that 56% of new hires were woman and 44% were men in this reporting year. Last year we highlighted the additional factor of the gender pay gap in part …
ENGLISH INSTITUTE OF SPORT (EIS) GENDER PAY GAP REPORT
The gender pay gap looks at the average hourly pay of all male and female employees. On 31 March 2021 the mean gender pay gap was 18.7%, with the median gender pay at 16.7%. The
CHNO: 012 Book Title: Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and ...
In this chapter I draw on. which gender pay gap reporting may be used as a power resource to challenge ongoing inequalities in sport governance. marginalised groups. This chapter …
Pathway to Pay Equality - Champions Of Change Coalition
This paper starts by setting out the reason why addressing the gender pay gap in elite sport is important. It explains the reasons for a quick move to pay equity and a framework to achieve it.
Equity in Sport: Public Perception of Equal Pay for Women and …
17 Jun 2020 · Specific to pay equity, we asked: how do people’s age, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, political affiliation, and/or personal engagement in sports relate to their perspectives on gender …
Chasing Equity - Women's Sports Foundation
Taking stock of where we are in achieving gender equity in sport requires study, transparency and candor. This groundbreaking report brings together the latest facts and
Gender Pay Inequality in Professional Sports: How Policy Shapes …
Is it possible for male and female professional athletes to receive equal compensation? A look at how gender pay inequality persists in the policies that govern three professional sports and …
Gender Pay Gap Report Final V2 - UK Sports Institute
Last year, the EIS reported a mean gender pay gap of 14.9% and a median gender pay gap of 14.5% at 31 March 2019. As at 31 March 2020, the mean gender pay gap had increased to …
Inequality in Sports: Outlining the Disparities Between Men and
What specific cases of gender inequality exist in the sports world? From Billie King's Tennis Open to the WNBA, female athletes have wanted to earn equality with their male counterparts.
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL PLAY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE GENDER WAGE GAP …
When comparing the salaries of men and women competing in the same sport, the difference is substantial. Where men are earning millions of dollars, women are struggling to make a living. …
Gender Equity in UK Sport Leadership and Governance - Emerald …
Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender promotes research on two important and related areas within sport studies: women and gender. The concept of gender is included in the series title in …
Social Impacts of Gender on Sports: Gender Inequality in …
Social Impacts of Gender on Sports: Gender Inequality in Professional Sports Women in professional sports do not receive equivalent treatment to men in the same careers. In an …
Time's Up: Addressing Gender-Based Wage Discrimination in Professional ...
Gender-based wage discrimination in professional sports is wide-spread. Female athletes, competing individually or as part of a team, are consistently paid substantially less than their …
Teaching about Female Sports Icons and Gender Equity - Social …
• Evaluate gender disparities in sports • Research and identify evidence from multiple sources on the challenges faced by a female sports icon • Write a newspaper article detailing the triumphs …
Gender equality in sport: Getting closer every day - European …
Even though the gender pay gap in sport has been narrowing over the years, it still very much exists. A total of 83 % of sports now award men and women equal prize money, with cricket, …
Same Work but Different Pay: Gender Inequality in the Professional ...
When looking at professional sports, one can see the lack of attention women’s sports receive. The first women's professional sports league was formed in 1978, and al-though significant …
Pathway to gender equality in sport including pay equality
gender equality and pay equality goals. At the same time, pay inequality for elite athletes remains the sharp end of generations of underinvestment in women and girls in sport. In this report, we …
AT A GLANCE GENDER EQUALITY IN SPORT - European Parliament
EPRS Gender equality in sport coaches across the globe are a statistical minority in nearly all sports, at all performance levels. In Europe, only 31 % of all sports coaches were women in …
Towards More Gender Equality in Sport - Europa
Participation: women are less likely than men to take part in sport. Create gender equality action plans highlighting the wider benefits of sport. Set up mechanisms to encourage the practice of …
