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| digraphs and blends worksheets: Phonics First! Wilma H. Miller, 2001-02-16 This book of activities gives children practice in learning the letter sounds of the alphabet. The activities start with the consonant letters and their sounds, then progress to vowel sounds, consonant blends, the hard and soft sounds of certain letters, digraphs, diphthongs, and other aspects of phonics. Many of the worksheets engage children in creating new words and using them in context. The words are age-appropriate and the reading selections have been created using the Spache Readability Formula. These activities can be used in any reading program with children of all ability levels. They provide the extra practice that many children need to master beginning reading skills. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: My Book of Sentences Kumon Publishing, 2007-05 If your child understands the concepts of nouns and verbs, and is beginning to build simple sentences, this book will build on that foundation. Use this book to introduce your child to more advanced sentence concepts while solidifying his or her understanding of sentence structure.--Cover |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Second Grade Reading and Writing Highlights Learning, 2020-02-04 Mastering second grade reading and writing is fun and exciting with this book that combines language arts activities with puzzles and humor to lower the barriers to learning and build essential skills. Reading and writing are two of the most important building blocks for future learning, and Highlights(TM) brings Fun with a Purpose® into these essential activities for second graders. Our award-winning content blends reading and writing skills with puzzles, humor, and playful art, which makes learning exciting and fun. Second grade reading and writing skills such as phonics, word recognition, and key ideas will help students improve and will build confidence in the classroom. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Little Books of Blends and Digraphs, Grades 1 - 2 Flora, 2010-06-11 Facilitate a love of language in students in grades 1–2 with Little Books of Blends and Digraphs! This 64-page book includes 31 eight-page reproducible stories. These humorous, predictable stories cover 20 beginning blends, 7 final blends, and 4 digraphs. The book includes word lists, pre- and post-reading activities, and language arts activities for each story. The book also supports NCTE and NAEYC standards. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Book 1-Kid in the Middle, Consonant Digraphs and Blends-Color , 2015-01-15 |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Fox and Little Chick Continental Press Staff, 2000-01 Teach decoding skills in the context of real reading! Long Vowels Entertaining stories provide lots of examples of target sounds. Each book has a list of target words for practice. Set includes a total of twelve books (includes a full review book). Teacher's Guides for the sets include phonics fun activities. Consonant Blends and Digraphs Engaging tales give students plenty of exposure to blends and digraphs. Blends include initial l, r, and s blends, as well as final l, n, and s blends. Digraphs include initial sh, ch, wh, and th, as well as final sh, th, and ch. A twelve-book set includes review books - one on blends, one on digraphs - and a review of all blends and digraphs. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Making Words Patricia Marr Cunningham, Dorothy P. Hall, Tom Heggie, 1994 Contains one hundred sixty lessons for teachers to use when teaching language arts to grades 1-3. Includes reproducibles. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Blends and Digraphs Copymasters Lisa Holt, 2005 Consists of photocopiable pages designed to consolidate and extend the teaching content of Sections 3, 4 and 5 of the Letterland Teacher's Guide. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Secret Stories Katherine Garner, 2016-07-01 An educational toolkit for teaching phonics, consisting of a book, posters and musical CD, all of which provides for multiple options and inputs for learning, including: visual-icons, auditory and kinesthetic motor skill manipulations, as well as a variety of dramatic and emotive cuing-systems designed to target the affective learning domain. This backdoor-approach to phonemic skill acquisition is based on current neural research on Learning & the Brain--specifically how our brains actually learn best!The Secret Stories® primary purpose is to equip beginning (or struggling, upper grade) readers and writers, as well as their instructors, with the tools necessary to easily and effectively crack the secret reading and writing codes that lie beyond the alphabet, and effectively out of reach for so many learners! It is not a phonics program! Rather, it simply provides the missing pieces learners need to solve the complex reading puzzle--one that some might never solve otherwise! The Secrets(tm) are sure to become one of the most valuable, well-used, and constantly relied-upon teaching tools in your instructional repertoire! |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Digraphs and Blends Wiley Blevins, 2019 When consonants team up they can do many things. Some blend their sounds together. Some make new sounds. These consonant blends and digraphs can be used to build simple words we use every day. Readers learn what these consonant teams can do.-- |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Blend Phonics Timed Fluency Drills Donald L. Potter, 2016-11-19 The Blend Phonics Timed Fluency Drills are designed to boost students reading abilities by helping them increase their reading fluency (speed plus accuracy). The drills follow the instructional sequence in Hazel Loring's Reading Made Easy with Blend Phonics for First Grade. The drills are especially helpful for children diagnosed with dyslexia because they strengthen the students' word decoding skills. The drills are extremely easy to use. All the information necessary to teach the drills successflly is in the book. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Beginning Blends and Digraphs Dwayne Douglas Kohn, 2020-06-06 This title contains flip booklets in two formats for 28 blends/digraphs for a total of over 50 booklets!PICTURE BOOKLETS: This title will allow your students to create mini-booklets for beginning blends and digraphs! The entire flip book for each letter is on one piece of paper which saves on photocopies! Simply place the desired page on the copy machine, press the button and hand the copies over to your students. They color in the pictures, cut on the lines, put the pages together and read the resulting booklet!For example, for the PR book your students will track Princess begins with pr. They then flip up the picture of the princess to reveal a picture of a pretzel. They then read Pretzel begins with pr. This continues with Prince, Present and Price to give them five words in all that all begin with the same blend.WORD BOOKLETS:: If your students are still struggling with reading words such as block, broom, click, smooth and spray, then this is the title for you! Your students will create fun-to-read flip booklets that will allow them to easily read blends! Each mini-booklet is on a single piece of paper for ease of use! The students color in the picture of the word that forms the back of the booklet. They then cut out 6 small cards and staple them together to create a booklet in which the cards are flipped up to create a new word each time.For example, for the sl booklet, the students read sled. They flip up the ed to reveal the letters eep while the letters sl remain. They then read sleep. This continues with slip, slow, slug, slam, and slide to give them a total of seven different words all beginning with the blend sl.28 Blends and Digraphs included: bl, br, ch, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, kn, ph, pl, pr, sc, sh, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, th, tr, tw, wh, w |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: The Writing Road to Reading Romalda Bishop Spalding, 1962 |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Reading Wonders, Grade 1, Your Turn Practice Book McGraw-Hill Education, 2012-05-09 Your students will engage in their first guided practice with fresh reading selections every week! Students can directly interact with text by underlining, circling, and highlighting text to support answers with text evidence. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Back to School Alphabet Phonics Letter of the Week B Lavinia Pop, 2020-01-09 I have made this Phonics Letter of the Week unit to address the Kindergarten(Prep) level of learning. The contents of this packet provide teachers with a variety of games, activities and worksheets to help teach correct letter formation, written letter identification and recognition of initial letter sound.My aim when creating this book was to provide a unit for teaching one letter of the alphabet at a time. There is a great emphasis on letter sounds, which makes this an ideal tool for phonics teaching.There are 30 games, activities and worksheets that can be used to help you teach the letter Bb at the beginning of the year and to reinforce and consolidate what has been learnt throughout the year. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: S Is for Sun (TE) Just Right Reader, 2024-09-23 |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Phonics Teacher's Guide Letterland, 2014-02-01 Every child needs to learn to read, write and spell. With Letterland it is simply an enjoyable journey of discovery. This new edition of the Letterland Teacher’s Guide encompasses the fun of learning with Letterland friends, whilst ensuring that the core criteria of an effective, systematic, phonics programme are fully met. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Jelly and Bean , 2003 |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Teacher's Guide Advanced Lisa Holt, 2005 Uses Letterland's story logic to explain advanced phonemes and spelling patterns. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Genius Kids Worksheets for Ukg - Set of 8 Workbooks for UKG, KG-2 and Montessori (4-6 yrs) - Math & Logic, English, Science, Games & Activities flipClass, 2018-05-01 Genius Kids Worksheets is a series of high quality, engaging and colourful set of worksheets for pre-school, kindergarten and primary grades by flipClass. The UKG (KG-2) package has set of 8 workbooks covering most topics your child learns in UKG (KG -2, Montessori). This includes plenty of activities on numbers, math & logic, alphabets, words, reading, writing, rhymes and stories, science, colouring, painting, arts and craft. Genius Kids worksheets make learning fun and interactive. The package contain following 8 books: 1. ABCs: In this workbook, your child learns cursive writing of capital and small letters and writing small sentences. 2. Spelling & Vocabulary: Your child learns spelling and pronunciation of naming, action, rhyming, sight words, making small sentences, singular-plural, word pairs in this book. 3. Phonics: These worksheets contain all basic pronunciations developed using Jolly English Methodology. The child learns correct pronunciation with Smart QR technology. 4. Let's Learn to Read: This book helps your child learn reading through stories and rhymes with colourful illustrations. You could read them out to your child as bed-time stories too! 5. 123s: 123s helps the child master concepts in basic mathematics. The child learn numbers from 1 to 100, counting, skip counting, backward counting, Addition & Subtraction with plenty of engaging exercises. 6. Mental Maths: Your child learns more about numbers, 2D & 3D shapes, patterns, Data Interpretation and other activities which improves mental and analytical ability. 7. Science Lab: Your child learns basic concepts of Environmental Sciences like Plants, Animals, Good Manners, Healthy Food, Air & Water, Universe, Our Country in this workbook. 8. Fun & Games: These worksheets focus on enhancing creativity of the child through drawing, origami, fun cut-outs, Jigsaw Puzzles. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Wellington Square, Level 3 Keith Gaines, 2000-05-24 Wellington Square is designed to meet the needs of children aged 7-13+ who are having difficulty in learning to read. It provides straightforward progression through all 5 levels of the scheme, from wordless picture books to storybooks with full-text. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Amazing Earthworms Gr. 2-3 , |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Wellington Square Keith Gaines, 2000-05-24 Wellington Square is designed to meet the needs of children aged 7-13+ who are having difficulty in learning to read. It provides straightforward progression through all 5 levels of the scheme, from wordless picture books to storybooks with full-text. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: The Reading Edge Kaz Miyata, Cathy Miyata, 2006 Looking for concrete ways to help your students begin to recognize patterns in language, and better understand how printed words and letters fit together? The Reading Edge offers all the tools you need to help children become knowledgable, enthusiastic readers, including: * blending, word family, rhyming, and onset and rime strategies * word-attack skills that help children understand how the printed word works * assessment tips that help identify student strengths, weaknesses, and knowledge gaps * suggestions for adapting for ESL and special needs programs. Poignant classroom vignettes throughout the book put literacy, phonics, and learning into context. Ready-to-use tools include assessment and tracking sheets, playful activities, and mini-worksheets.--Publisher's website (www.pembrokepublishers.com). |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Teaching Our Children to Read Bill Honig, 2001 PLEASE UPDATE SAGE INDIA AND SAGE UK ADDRESSES ON IMPRINT PAGE. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Word Families - Long Vowels: Onset-Rime Addition Staci Marck, 2014-04-01 **This is the chapter slice Onset-Rime Addition from the full lesson plan Word Families: Long Vowels** Increase vocabulary, sight word recognition and comprehension as you help your students identify the correct pronunciation of long vowel phonograms (word families) using real life pictures as an aid. We also highlight the “Dolch” high frequency words which encourage beginning reading skills. As students begin to read and understand more about the onset and rhyme connection found in word families, they will begin to think of words as not only a series of individual letters and sounds, but as easily recognizable segments or chunks of language. Reproducible worksheets include, rhyming, writing, poetry, cloze sentences, riddles and chunking. All of our content meets the Common Core State Standards and are written to Bloom's Taxonomy. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Wellington Square, Level 4 Wendy Wren, 2000-05 Wellington Square is designed to meet the needs of children aged 7-13+ who are having difficulty in learning to read. It provides straightforward progression through all 5 levels of the scheme, from wordless picture books to storybooks with full-text. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Word Bank Copymasters Lyn Wendon, 2004-04-20 Provides story summaries for various blends, digraphs and trigraphs taught in the Letterland Teacher's Guide. This title features picture-coded examples on each page that help children identify the spelling pattern from the outset. It has space for pupils to collect examples from their own reading, encouraging them to become 'word detectives'. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Word Families - Long Vowels: Reading Passages Staci Marck, 2014-04-01 **This is the chapter slice Reading Passages from the full lesson plan Word Families: Long Vowels** Increase vocabulary, sight word recognition and comprehension as you help your students identify the correct pronunciation of long vowel phonograms (word families) using real life pictures as an aid. We also highlight the “Dolch” high frequency words which encourage beginning reading skills. As students begin to read and understand more about the onset and rhyme connection found in word families, they will begin to think of words as not only a series of individual letters and sounds, but as easily recognizable segments or chunks of language. Reproducible worksheets include, rhyming, writing, poetry, cloze sentences, riddles and chunking. All of our content meets the Common Core State Standards and are written to Bloom's Taxonomy. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Handbook in Corrective Reading: Basic Tasks Ruth Gallant, 1970 |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it Diane McGuinness, 1997 A neuropsychologist shows how outmoded methods for teaching reading have resulted in plummeting literacy levels and offers a new program. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: PM Teacher's Guide Jenny Bird, Angela Molyneux, Sarah Sinclair, 1999-12-25 The new range of PM Teacher Guides are linked to UK teaching practice, NLS objectives and curricular requirements. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Woodcock-Johnson IV Nancy Mather, Lynne E. Jaffe, 2016-01-22 Includes online access to new, customizable WJ IV score tables, graphs, and forms for clinicians Woodcock-Johnson IV: Reports, Recommendations, and Strategies offers psychologists, clinicians, and educators an essential resource for preparing and writing psychological and educational reports after administering the Woodcock-Johnson IV. Written by Drs. Nancy Mather and Lynne E. Jaffe, this text enhances comprehension and use of this instrument and its many interpretive features. This book offers helpful information for understanding and using the WJ IV scores, provides tips to facilitate interpretation of test results, and includes sample diagnostic reports of students with various educational needs from kindergarten to the postsecondary level. The book also provides a wide variety of recommendations for cognitive abilities; oral language; and the achievement areas of reading, written language, and mathematics. It also provides guidelines for evaluators and recommendations focused on special populations, such as sensory impairments, autism, English Language Learners, and gifted and twice exceptional students, as well as recommendations for the use of assistive technology. The final section provides descriptions of the academic and behavioral strategies mentioned in the reports and recommendations. The unique access code included with each book allows access to downloadable, easy-to-customize score tables, graphs, and forms. This essential guide Facilitates the use and interpretation of the WJ IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Tests of Oral Language, and Tests of Achievement Explains scores and various interpretive features Offers a variety of types of diagnostic reports Provides a wide variety of educational recommendations and evidence-based strategies |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Word Families - Long Vowels: What's Different Staci Marck, 2014-04-01 **This is the chapter slice What's Different from the full lesson plan Word Families: Long Vowels** Increase vocabulary, sight word recognition and comprehension as you help your students identify the correct pronunciation of long vowel phonograms (word families) using real life pictures as an aid. We also highlight the “Dolch” high frequency words which encourage beginning reading skills. As students begin to read and understand more about the onset and rhyme connection found in word families, they will begin to think of words as not only a series of individual letters and sounds, but as easily recognizable segments or chunks of language. Reproducible worksheets include, rhyming, writing, poetry, cloze sentences, riddles and chunking. All of our content meets the Common Core State Standards and are written to Bloom's Taxonomy. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: How to Manage Spelling Successfully Philomena Ott, 2014-04-08 Readers will find this practical and comprehensive guide to spelling invaluable. Day-to-day advice on how to help those with difficulties is underpinned by information on the development of the English language and its spelling rules with explanations of common language problems. Chapters cover: spelling processes teaching and learning phonics individual cognitive and learning styles assessing and monitoring spelling progress teaching strategies and techniques. This is an essential companion for teachers, SENCos, and dyslexia specialists alike, as well as anyone interested in spelling and language difficulties. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Teaching Reading in Today's Elementary Schools Paul Clay Burns, 1984 |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Phonics and Spelling John Jackman, 2004-09 Covering the requirements for word-level work (phonics and spelling), this is a resource for teaching the Literacy Hour, the National Curriculum for English at Key Stage 1, and the Scottish Guidelines for English Language 5-14. It provides sections of structured lesson plans on the main elements of word-level work for this age-group; 125 linked copymasters that teach phonics, spelling and handwriting together; continuing and end-of-section assessments; photocopiable flashcards which cover all the National Literacy Strategy sightwords; a guide to phonic structures and a glossary for teachers; and a National Literacy Strategy planner and links for Scotland 5-14 Guidelines. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Essentials of KTEA-3 and WIAT-III Assessment Kristina C. Breaux, Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, 2016-09-30 Written by expert authors Kristina Breaux and Elizabeth Lichtenberger, Essentials of KTEA-3 and WIAT-III Assessment offers up-to-date, comprehensive, step-by-step instruction in the accurate and effective use of the newest editions of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA-3) Comprehensive Form, KTEA-3 Brief Form, and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III). Designed to provide in-depth information in an easy to use reference format, the book provides guidelines and tips for administration, scoring, and interpretation that go beyond the information provided in the test manuals. A complete guide is included for digital administration and scoring using Q-interactive, automated scoring using Q-global, and hand scoring. Essentials of KTEA-3 and WIAT-III Assessment makes score interpretation easier by explaining what each score measures and the implications of a high or low score. Learn how to increase the diagnostic utility of the KTEA-3 and WIAT-III by taking full advantage of their capabilities for error analysis, qualitative observations, and progress monitoring, and by pairing the results with measures of cognitive ability such as the WISC-V and KABC-II. Clinicians will find a helpful discussion of how these tests may be interpreted using either a CHC or neuropsychological approach to assessment. Case studies illustrate the use of these tests to respond to various referral concerns. Annotations within each case report provide a window into the mind of the examiner throughout the assessment process. This book provides a depth and breadth of understanding that is appropriate for all assessment professionals, regardless of their level of training or experience. Extensive illustrations, call-out boxes, and Test Yourself questions help students and clinicians quickly absorb the information they need. Essentials of KTEA-3 and WIAT-III Assessment is the clear, focused guide to using these tests to their fullest potential. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Word Families - Long Vowels Gr. PK-2 Staci Marck, 2008-02-01 Encourage reading skills by highlighting the high frequency words essential for beginning readers. With our resource, students will begin to think of words as not only a series of individual letters and sounds, but as easily recognizable chunks of language. Make a word by adding an onset, like sn, to the rime, like ail. Then, say the word out loud. Finish a sentence by matching words, like sweep and keep, to the boxes that show tall and small letters. Read a sentence, like We like to glide down the wide slide, and circle all the words that rime. Then, write your own sentences using words that rime. Aligned to your State Standards and written to Bloom's Taxonomy, reproducible writing tasks, rime & onset cards, crossword, word search, comprehension quiz and answer key are also included. |
| digraphs and blends worksheets: Reading Under Control Judith Graham, Alison Kelly, 2015-09-29 Now in an updated third edition, this best-selling textbook introduces primary teachers to the key issues in how to teach reading. The authors celebrate reading as an important, exhilarating part of the curriculum with the potential to transform lives, whilst also giving a balanced handling of contentious issues. Strongly rooted in classroom practi |
What is a Digraph? | Examples, Definition & Resources | K-5 ELA
Learn about digraphs with examples to help empower your teaching! Children will learn about digraphs during kindergarten and elementary school. What is a digraph? A digraph is two …
Digraph Practice Lists - Digraph Activities - VocabularySpellingCity
In kindergarten, students learn that the letters “ch” together sound like a “choo-choo train”. The technical term for two letters creating one sound is digraph. There are consonant digraphs and …
What Is A Digraph? What Are Some Ideas for Teaching Digraphs?
May 16, 2021 · When I’m teaching about digraphs, I like to call digraphs “best friends” – a pair of letters that love to work together! In this blog post, I’m going to further explain digraphs, give …
What are Digraphs: Consonant Digraphs with Digraph Lists
Aug 25, 2022 · What is a digraph? A digraph is a combination of two letters that work together to make one sound, or phoneme. For example, the letters PH in the word *graph *work together …
All About Digraphs & Blends: Free Lists & Charts - Literacy Learn
Sep 11, 2023 · Here you'll read all about consonant blends and consonant digraphs, understand the differences between them, and learn the best ways to teach them to students. You'll also …
Digraph Words: A Comprehensive Guide for English Learners
Aug 31, 2023 · Learning digraphs can be challenging, but it is a necessary step in improving one’s grasp of the English language. In this article, we will explore the world of digraphs and provide …
Digraph Examples - YourDictionary
Feb 17, 2021 · Digraphs can make initial sounds, and come at the beginning, middle, or end of the word. Below, we'll list each sound, including its use as an initial digraph and a final digraph.
What are the Digraphs in English (And How To teach Them)
Apr 1, 2021 · Digraphs are a progression from single sounds and CVC words to a more advanced level of phonics where students will learn how letter can come together to make different …
Digraphs Explained - thereadingadvicehub
A helpful guide for teachers and parents. Definitions and examples of digraphs in words, lists of vowel digraphs, consonant digraphs and split digraphs plus common questions about digraphs.
Digraphs in English: Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo
Spelling with digraphs is tricky, like in 'strict' and 'wreath,' which have different phoneme counts. A digraph in the English language is a group of two successive letters that represent a single …
What is a Digraph? | Examples, Definition & Resources | K-5 ELA
Learn about digraphs with examples to help empower your teaching! Children will learn about digraphs during kindergarten and elementary school. What is a digraph? A digraph is two …
Digraph Practice Lists - Digraph Activities - VocabularySpellingCity
In kindergarten, students learn that the letters “ch” together sound like a “choo-choo train”. The technical term for two letters creating one sound is digraph. There are consonant digraphs and …
What Is A Digraph? What Are Some Ideas for Teaching Digraphs?
May 16, 2021 · When I’m teaching about digraphs, I like to call digraphs “best friends” – a pair of letters that love to work together! In this blog post, I’m going to further explain digraphs, give …
What are Digraphs: Consonant Digraphs with Digraph Lists
Aug 25, 2022 · What is a digraph? A digraph is a combination of two letters that work together to make one sound, or phoneme. For example, the letters PH in the word *graph *work together …
All About Digraphs & Blends: Free Lists & Charts - Literacy Learn
Sep 11, 2023 · Here you'll read all about consonant blends and consonant digraphs, understand the differences between them, and learn the best ways to teach them to students. You'll also …
Digraph Words: A Comprehensive Guide for English Learners
Aug 31, 2023 · Learning digraphs can be challenging, but it is a necessary step in improving one’s grasp of the English language. In this article, we will explore the world of digraphs and provide …
Digraph Examples - YourDictionary
Feb 17, 2021 · Digraphs can make initial sounds, and come at the beginning, middle, or end of the word. Below, we'll list each sound, including its use as an initial digraph and a final digraph.
What are the Digraphs in English (And How To teach Them)
Apr 1, 2021 · Digraphs are a progression from single sounds and CVC words to a more advanced level of phonics where students will learn how letter can come together to make different …
Digraphs Explained - thereadingadvicehub
A helpful guide for teachers and parents. Definitions and examples of digraphs in words, lists of vowel digraphs, consonant digraphs and split digraphs plus common questions about digraphs.
Digraphs in English: Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo
Spelling with digraphs is tricky, like in 'strict' and 'wreath,' which have different phoneme counts. A digraph in the English language is a group of two successive letters that represent a single …
