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| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems Engineering Nise, 1995-01-01 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems Engineering Norman S. Nise, 1995-01-01 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems Engineering Norman S. Nise, 1995-01-15 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Modern Control Engineering Katsuhiko Ogata, 1990 Text for a first course in control systems, revised (1st ed. was 1970) to include new subjects such as the pole placement approach to the design of control systems, design of observers, and computer simulation of control systems. For senior engineering students. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Feedback Control Systems Charles L. Phillips, John M. Parr, 2011 For junior/senior-level Control Theory courses in Electrical, Mechanical, and Aerospace Engineering. ¿ For a First Course in Control Systems. ¿ Feedback Control Systems, 5e offers a thorough analysis of the principles of classical and modern feedback control in language that can be understood by students and practicing engineers with no prior background in the subject matter. Organized into three sections -- analog control systems, digital control systems, and nonlinear analog control systems --this text helps students understand the difference between mathematical models and the physical systems that the models represent. ¿ The Fifth edition provides a new introduction to modern control analysis and design for digital systems, the addition of emulation methods of design for digital control, and numerous other updates. ¿ |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Digital Control Engineering M. Sami Fadali, Antonio Visioli, 2012-09-06 Digital controllers are part of nearly all modern personal, industrial, and transportation systems. Every senior or graduate student of electrical, chemical or mechanical engineering should therefore be familiar with the basic theory of digital controllers. This new text covers the fundamental principles and applications of digital control engineering, with emphasis on engineering design. Fadali and Visioli cover analysis and design of digitally controlled systems and describe applications of digital controls in a wide range of fields. With worked examples and Matlab applications in every chapter and many end-of-chapter assignments, this text provides both theory and practice for those coming to digital control engineering for the first time, whether as a student or practicing engineer. Extensive Use of computational tools: Matlab sections at end of each chapter show how to implement concepts from the chapter Frees the student from the drudgery of mundane calculations and allows him to consider more subtle aspects of control system analysis and design An engineering approach to digital controls: emphasis throughout the book is on design of control systems. Mathematics is used to help explain concepts, but throughout the text discussion is tied to design and implementation. For example coverage of analog controls in chapter 5 is not simply a review, but is used to show how analog control systems map to digital control systems Review of Background Material: contains review material to aid understanding of digital control analysis and design. Examples include discussion of discrete-time systems in time domain and frequency domain (reviewed from linear systems course) and root locus design in s-domain and z-domain (reviewed from feedback control course) Inclusion of Advanced Topics In addition to the basic topics required for a one semester senior/graduate class, the text includes some advanced material to make it suitable for an introductory graduate level class or for two quarters at the senior/graduate level. Examples of optional topics are state-space methods, which may receive brief coverage in a one semester course, and nonlinear discrete-time systems Minimal Mathematics Prerequisites The mathematics background required for understanding most of the book is based on what can be reasonably expected from the average electrical, chemical or mechanical engineering senior. This background includes three semesters of calculus, differential equations and basic linear algebra. Some texts on digital control require more |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Modern Robotics Kevin M. Lynch, Frank C. Park, 2017-05-25 A modern and unified treatment of the mechanics, planning, and control of robots, suitable for a first course in robotics. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems Engineering, Seventh Edition WileyPlus Card Norman S. Nise, 2013-04-09 Once again Nise provides readers with an up-to-date resource for analysing and designing real-world feedback control systems. Throughout the sixth edition, emphasis is placed on the practical application of control systems engineering. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Digital Control System Analysis and Design Charles L. Phillips, H. Troy Nagle, 1990 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Linear Control Systems Engineering Morris R. Driels, 1996 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Modern Control Systems Richard C. Dorf, Robert H. Bishop, 2011 Modern Control Systems, 12e, is ideal for an introductory undergraduate course in control systems for engineering students. Written to be equally useful for all engineering disciplines, this text is organized around the concept of control systems theory as it has been developed in the frequency and time domains. It provides coverage of classical control, employing root locus design, frequency and response design using Bode and Nyquist plots. It also covers modern control methods based on state variable models including pole placement design techniques with full-state feedback controllers and full-state observers. Many examples throughout give students ample opportunity to apply the theory to the design and analysis of control systems. Incorporates computer-aided design and analysis using MATLAB and LabVIEW MathScript. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Feedback Systems Karl Johan Åström, Richard M. Murray, 2021-02-02 The essential introduction to the principles and applications of feedback systems—now fully revised and expanded This textbook covers the mathematics needed to model, analyze, and design feedback systems. Now more user-friendly than ever, this revised and expanded edition of Feedback Systems is a one-volume resource for students and researchers in mathematics and engineering. It has applications across a range of disciplines that utilize feedback in physical, biological, information, and economic systems. Karl Åström and Richard Murray use techniques from physics, computer science, and operations research to introduce control-oriented modeling. They begin with state space tools for analysis and design, including stability of solutions, Lyapunov functions, reachability, state feedback observability, and estimators. The matrix exponential plays a central role in the analysis of linear control systems, allowing a concise development of many of the key concepts for this class of models. Åström and Murray then develop and explain tools in the frequency domain, including transfer functions, Nyquist analysis, PID control, frequency domain design, and robustness. Features a new chapter on design principles and tools, illustrating the types of problems that can be solved using feedback Includes a new chapter on fundamental limits and new material on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus plots Provides exercises at the end of every chapter Comes with an electronic solutions manual An ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate students Indispensable for researchers seeking a self-contained resource on control theory |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Linear Control Systems Branislav Kisacanin, Gyan C. Agarwal, 2012-12-06 Anyone seeking a gentle introduction to the methods of modern control theory and engineering, written at the level of a first-year graduate course, should consider this book seriously. It contains: A generous historical overview of automatic control, from Ancient Greece to the 1970s, when this discipline matured into an essential field for electrical, mechanical, aerospace, chemical, and biomedical engineers, as well as mathematicians, and more recently, computer scientists; A balanced presentation of the relevant theory: the main state-space methods for description, analysis, and design of linear control systems are derived, without overwhelming theoretical arguments; Over 250 solved and exercise problems for both continuous- and discrete-time systems, often including MATLAB simulations; and Appendixes on MATLAB, advanced matrix theory, and the history of mathematical tools such as differential calculus, transform methods, and linear algebra. Another noteworthy feature is the frequent use of an inverted pendulum on a cart to illustrate the most important concepts of automatic control, such as: Linearization and discretization; Stability, controllability, and observability; State feedback, controller design, and optimal control; and Observer design, reduced order observers, and Kalman filtering. Most of the problems are given with solutions or MATLAB simulations. Whether the book is used as a textbook or as a self-study guide, the knowledge gained from it will be an excellent platform for students and practising engineers to explore further the recent developments and applications of control theory. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Optimal Control Systems D. Subbaram Naidu, 2018-10-03 The theory of optimal control systems has grown and flourished since the 1960's. Many texts, written on varying levels of sophistication, have been published on the subject. Yet even those purportedly designed for beginners in the field are often riddled with complex theorems, and many treatments fail to include topics that are essential to a thorough grounding in the various aspects of and approaches to optimal control. Optimal Control Systems provides a comprehensive but accessible treatment of the subject with just the right degree of mathematical rigor to be complete but practical. It provides a solid bridge between traditional optimization using the calculus of variations and what is called modern optimal control. It also treats both continuous-time and discrete-time optimal control systems, giving students a firm grasp on both methods. Among this book's most outstanding features is a summary table that accompanies each topic or problem and includes a statement of the problem with a step-by-step solution. Students will also gain valuable experience in using industry-standard MATLAB and SIMULINK software, including the Control System and Symbolic Math Toolboxes. Diverse applications across fields from power engineering to medicine make a foundation in optimal control systems an essential part of an engineer's background. This clear, streamlined presentation is ideal for a graduate level course on control systems and as a quick reference for working engineers. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems Gene F. Franklin, J. David Powell, Abbas Emami-Naeini, 2011-11-21 This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For senior-level or first-year graduate-level courses in control analysis and design, and related courses within engineering, science, and management. Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, Sixth Edition is perfect for practicing control engineers who wish to maintain their skills. This revision of a top-selling textbook on feedback control with the associated web site, FPE6e.com, provides greater instructor flexibility and student readability. Chapter 4 on A First Analysis of Feedback has been substantially rewritten to present the material in a more logical and effective manner. A new case study on biological control introduces an important new area to the students, and each chapter now includes a historical perspective to illustrate the origins of the field. As in earlier editions, the book has been updated so that solutions are based on the latest versions of MATLAB and SIMULINK. Finally, some of the more exotic topics have been moved to the web site. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Electric Motors and Control Systems Frank Petruzella, 2009-05-08 This book will introduce the reader to a broad range of motor types and control systems. It provides an overview of electric motor operation, selection, installation, control and maintenance. The text covers Electrical Code references applicable to the installation of new control systems and motors, as well as information on maintenance and troubleshooting techniques. It includes coverage of how motors operate in conjunction with their associated control circuitry. Both older and newer motor technologies are examined. Topics covered range from motor types and controls to installing and maintaining conventional controllers, electronic motor drives and programmable logic controllers. -- Publisher's description. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Basic Control Systems Engineering Paul H. Lewis, Chang Yang, 1997 Control systems engineering. Modeling physical systems: Differential equation. Transfer - function models. State models. Simulation. Stability. Performance criteria and some effects of feedback. Root-locuc techniques... |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control System Design Bernard Friedland, 2012-03-08 Introduction to state-space methods covers feedback control; state-space representation of dynamic systems and dynamics of linear systems; frequency-domain analysis; controllability and observability; shaping the dynamic response; more. 1986 edition. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control System Engineering Uday A. Bakshi, Varsha U. Bakshi, 2020-11-01 The book is written for an undergraduate course on the Feedback Control Systems. It provides comprehensive explanation of theory and practice of control system engineering. It elaborates various aspects of time domain and frequency domain analysis and design of control systems. Each chapter starts with the background of the topic. Then it gives the conceptual knowledge about the topic dividing it in various sections and subsections. Each chapter provides the detailed explanation of the topic, practical examples and variety of solved problems. The explanations are given using very simple and lucid language. All the chapters are arranged in a specific sequence which helps to build the understanding of the subject in a logical fashion. The book starts with explaining the various types of control systems. Then it explains how to obtain the mathematical models of various types of systems such as electrical, mechanical, thermal and liquid level systems. Then the book includes good coverage of the block diagram and signal flow graph methods of representing the various systems and the reduction methods to obtain simple system from the analysis point of view. The book further illustrates the steady state and transient analysis of control systems. The book covers the fundamental knowledge of controllers used in practice to optimize the performance of the systems. The book emphasizes the detailed analysis of second order systems as these systems are common in practice and higher order systems can be approximated as second order systems. The book teaches the concept of stability and time domain stability analysis using Routh-Hurwitz method and root locus method. It further explains the fundamentals of frequency domain analysis of the systems including co-relation between time domain and frequency domain. The book gives very simple techniques for stability analysis of the systems in the frequency domain, using Bode plot, Polar plot and Nyquist plot methods. It also explores the concepts of compensation and design of the control systems in time domain and frequency domain. The classical approach loses the importance of initial conditions in the systems. Thus, the book provides the detailed explanation of modern approach of analysis which is the state variable analysis of the systems including methods of finding the state transition matrix, solution of state equation and the concepts of controllability and observability. The variety of solved examples is the feature of this book which helps to inculcate the knowledge of the design and analysis of the control systems in the students. The book explains the philosophy of the subject which makes the understanding of the concepts very clear and makes the subject more interesting. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook INCOSE, 2015-06-12 A detailed and thorough reference on the discipline and practice of systems engineering The objective of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Systems Engineering Handbook is to describe key process activities performed by systems engineers and other engineering professionals throughout the life cycle of a system. The book covers a wide range of fundamental system concepts that broaden the thinking of the systems engineering practitioner, such as system thinking, system science, life cycle management, specialty engineering, system of systems, and agile and iterative methods. This book also defines the discipline and practice of systems engineering for students and practicing professionals alike, providing an authoritative reference that is acknowledged worldwide. The latest edition of the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: Is consistent with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015 Systems and software engineering—System life cycle processes and the Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) Has been updated to include the latest concepts of the INCOSE working groups Is the body of knowledge for the INCOSE Certification Process This book is ideal for any engineering professional who has an interest in or needs to apply systems engineering practices. This includes the experienced systems engineer who needs a convenient reference, a product engineer or engineer in another discipline who needs to perform systems engineering, a new systems engineer, or anyone interested in learning more about systems engineering. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Lectures on Network Systems Francesco Bullo, 2018-03-10 These lecture notes provide a mathematical introduction to multi-agent dynamical systems, including their analysis via algebraic graph theory and their application to engineering design problems. The focus is on fundamental dynamical phenomena over interconnected network systems, including consensus and disagreement in averaging systems, stable equilibria in compartmental flow networks, and synchronization in coupled oscillators and networked control systems. The theoretical results are complemented by numerous examples arising from the analysis of physical and natural systems and from the design of network estimation, control, and optimization systems. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: INSTRUMENTATION FOR ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS, 2ND ED James W. Dally, William F. Riley, Kenneth G. Mcconnell, 2010-09-01 Market_Desc: Departments: Mechanical, Aerospace, Civil and Petroleum Engineering, Engineering Mechanics, Courses: Engineering Measurements & Lab, Engineering Instrumentation, Cluster with: Figliola/Measurements. Special Features: Emphasis on electronic measurements, basics of electronic circuits. · New problems throughout text. Material on the basics of electronic circuits presents the basic fundamental principles of electronics for better comprehension of the operation of instrument systems. · Detailed model of piezoelectric sensor behavior and built-in voltage follower circuit description helps the engineering student understand the implications of how the sensor is connected to the outside world for signal recording purposes. · Analysis of Vibrating Systems introduces the pitfalls that can cause misinterpretation of data. About The Book: This edition was written to address the changes that have occurred in the engineering measurements field since 1984 and to better integrate a course in measurements with other educational objectives in the engineering curricula. The text provides detailed coverage of the many aspects of digital instrumentation currently being employed in industry for engineering measurements and process control. Heavy emphasis is placed on electronics measurements. Every chapter has been updated; three new chapters have been added. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Engineering László Keviczky, Ruth Bars, Jenő Hetthéssy, Csilla Bányász, 2018-10-04 This book offers fundamental information on the analysis and synthesis of continuous and sampled data control systems. It includes all the required preliminary materials (from mathematics, signals and systems) that are needed in order to understand control theory, so readers do not have to turn to other textbooks. Sampled data systems have recently gained increasing importance, as they provide the basis for the analysis and design of computer-controlled systems. Though the book mainly focuses on linear systems, input/output approaches and state space descriptions are also provided. Control structures such as feedback, feed forward, internal model control, state feedback control, and the Youla parameterization approach are discussed, while a closing section outlines advanced areas of control theory. Though the book also contains selected examples, a related exercise book provides Matlab/Simulink exercises for all topics discussed in the textbook, helping readers to understand the theory and apply it in order to solve control problems. Thanks to this combination, readers will gain a basic grasp of systems and control, and be able to analyze and design continuous and discrete control systems. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Protective Relaying J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas J. Domin, 2014-02-11 For many years, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications has been the go-to text for gaining proficiency in the technological fundamentals of power system protection. Continuing in the bestselling tradition of the previous editions by the late J. Lewis Blackburn, the Fourth Edition retains the core concepts at the heart of power system anal |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Fundamentals of Linear Control Maurício C. de Oliveira, 2017-05-04 Taking a different approach from standard thousand-page reference-style control textbooks, Fundamentals of Linear Control provides a concise yet comprehensive introduction to the analysis and design of feedback control systems in fewer than 400 pages. The text focuses on classical methods for dynamic linear systems in the frequency domain. The treatment is, however, modern and the reader is kept aware of contemporary tools and techniques, such as state space methods and robust and nonlinear control. Featuring fully worked design examples, richly illustrated chapters, and an extensive set of homework problems and examples spanning across the text for gradual challenge and perspective, this textbook is an excellent choice for senior-level courses in systems and control or as a complementary reference in introductory graduate level courses. The text is designed to appeal to a broad audience of engineers and scientists interested in learning the main ideas behind feedback control theory. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems (As Per Latest Jntu Syllabus) I. J. Nagrath, Madan Gopal, 2009 Focuses on the first control systems course of BTech, JNTU, this book helps the student prepare for further studies in modern control system design. It offers a profusion of examples on various aspects of study. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Feedback Control Theory John C. Doyle, Bruce A. Francis, Allen R. Tannenbaum, 2013-04-09 An excellent introduction to feedback control system design, this book offers a theoretical approach that captures the essential issues and can be applied to a wide range of practical problems. Its explorations of recent developments in the field emphasize the relationship of new procedures to classical control theory, with a focus on single input and output systems that keeps concepts accessible to students with limited backgrounds. The text is geared toward a single-semester senior course or a graduate-level class for students of electrical engineering. The opening chapters constitute a basic treatment of feedback design. Topics include a detailed formulation of the control design program, the fundamental issue of performance/stability robustness tradeoff, and the graphical design technique of loopshaping. Subsequent chapters extend the discussion of the loopshaping technique and connect it with notions of optimality. Concluding chapters examine controller design via optimization, offering a mathematical approach that is useful for multivariable systems. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems Engineering Norman S. Nise, 2004 Designed to make the material easy to understand, this clear and thorough book emphasizes the practical application of systems engineering to the design and analysis of feedback systems. Nise applies control systems theory and concepts to current real-world problems, showing readers how to build control systems that can support today's advanced technology. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Modeling and Control of Engineering Systems - Solutions Manual Clarence W. de Silva, W De, 2009-05-18 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: System Dynamics and Response S. Graham Kelly, 2008-09 As engineering systems become more increasingly interdisciplinary, knowledge of both mechanical and electrical systems has become an asset within the field of engineering. All engineers should have general facility with modeling of dynamic systems and determining their response and it is the objective of this book to provide a framework for that understanding. The study material is presented in four distinct parts; the mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, the mathematical solution of the differential equations and integro differential equations obtained during the modeling process, the response of dynamic systems, and an introduction to feedback control systems and their analysis. An Appendix is provided with a short introduction to MATLAB as it is frequently used within the text as a computational tool, a programming tool, and a graphical tool. SIMULINK, a MATLAB based simulation and modeling tool, is discussed in chapters where the development of models use either the transfer function approach or the state-space method. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Automatic Control Engineering Francis Harvey Raven, 1987 In recent years, automatic control systems have been rapidly increasing in importance in all fields of engineering. The applications of control systems cover a very wide range, from the design of precision control devices such as delicate electronic equipment to the design of massive equipment such as that used for the manufacture of steel or other industrial processes. Microprocessors have added a new dimension to the capability of control systems. New applications for automatic controls are continually being discovered. This book offers coverage of control engineering beginning with discussions of how typical control systems may be represented by block diagrams. This is accomplished by first demonstrating how to represent each component or part of a system as a simple block diagram, then explaining how these individual diagrams may be connected to form the overall block diagram, just as the actual components are connected to form the complete control system. Because actual control systems frequently contain nonlinear components, considerable emphasis is given to such components. The book goes on to show that important information concerning the basic or inherent operating characteristics of a system may be obtained from knowledge of the steady-state behavior. Continuing on in the book's coverage, readers will find information involving: how the linear differential equations that describe the operation of control systems may be solved algebraically by the use of Laplace transforms; general characteristics of transient behavior; the application of the root-locus method to the design of control systems; the use of the analog computer to simulate control systems; state-space methods;digital control systems; frequency-response methods; and system compensation. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control Systems Engineering Exam Reference Manual Bryon Lewis, 2019-09 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Control System Design Graham Clifford Goodwin, Stefan F. Graebe, Mario E. Salgado, 2001 For both undergraduate and graduate courses in Control System Design. Using a how to do it approach with a strong emphasis on real-world design, this text provides comprehensive, single-source coverage of the full spectrum of control system design. Each of the text's 8 parts covers an area in control--ranging from signals and systems (Bode Diagrams, Root Locus, etc.), to SISO control (including PID and Fundamental Design Trade-Offs) and MIMO systems (including Constraints, MPC, Decoupling, etc.). |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Design of Feedback Control Systems Gene H. Hostetter, 1993 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Mechatronics William Bolton, 1999 The integration of electronic engineering, electrical engineering, computer technology and control engineering with mechanical engineering -- mechatronics -- now forms a crucial part in the design, manufacture and maintenance of a wide range of engineering products and processes. This book provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the application of electronic control systems in mechanical and electrical engineering. It gives a framework of knowledge that allows engineers and technicians to develop an interdisciplinary understanding and integrated approach to engineering. This second edition has been updated and expanded to provide greater depth of coverage. -- Back cover. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Linear Control Systems Charles E. Rohrs, James L. Melsa, Donald G. Schultz, 1993 This undergraduate text presents a modern approach to the techniques of control theory. The book presents the best of modern topics such as robustness, ramifications of model inaccuracies on the design of control systems, computer examples using MATLAB, and design problems, and provides applications examples for electrical, mechanical, aerospace and chemical engineering students at undergraduate level. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Practical Reliability Engineering Patrick O'Connor, 1997-02-24 This classic textbook/reference contains a complete integration of the processes which influence quality and reliability in product specification, design, test, manufacture and support. Provides a step-by-step explanation of proven techniques for the development and production of reliable engineering equipment as well as details of the highly regarded work of Taguchi and Shainin. New to this edition: over 75 pages of self-assessment questions plus a revised bibliography and references. The book fulfills the requirements of the qualifying examinations in reliability engineering of the Institute of Quality Assurance, UK and the American Society of Quality Control. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: MITRE Systems Engineering Guide , 2012-06-05 |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Discrete-time Control Systems Katsuhiko Ogata, 1995 A comprehensive treatment of the analysis and design of discrete-time control systems which provides a gradual development of the theory by emphasizing basic concepts and avoiding highly mathematical arguments. The text features comprehensive treatment of pole placement, state observer design, and quadratic optimal control. |
| control systems engineering solutions manual: Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering Tom D. Reynolds, Paul A. Richards, 1996 The text is written for both Civil and Environmental Engineering students enrolled in Wastewater Engineering courses, and for Chemical Engineering students enrolled in Unit Processes or Transport Phenomena courses. It is oriented toward engineering design based on fundamentals. The presentation allows the instructor to select chapters or parts of chapters in any sequence desired. |
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爱词霸权威在线词典,为您提供under control的中文意思,under control的用法讲解,under control的读音,under control的同义词,under control的反义词,under control的例句等英语服务。
rein是什么意思_rein的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典
1. one of a pair of long straps (usually connected to the bit or the headpiece) used to control a horse; 2. any means of control; "he took up the reins of government"
govern是什么意思_govern的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在 …
control ： 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。 direct ： 侧重行使领导或指导权。 govern ： 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗 …
supervise是什么意思_supervise的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词 …
control ： 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。 direct ： 侧重行使领导或指导权。 govern ： 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗 …
temper是什么意思_temper的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在 …
temper, character, nature, personality, disposition, complexion. 这些名词均有"性格，气质，性情，习性"之意。 temper ： 指从感情方面体现出来，决定处理问题或应付形势的方式的性格或 …
